Effects of malocclusion on the self-esteem of female university students

Min-Ho Jung; Wook Heo; Seung-Hak Baek

doi:10.4041/kjod.2008.38.6.388

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Effects of malocclusion on the self-esteem of female university students

Original Article

Korean J Orthod 2008;38(6):388-396.

Published online: 19 January 2008

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2008.38.6.388

Effects of malocclusion on the self-esteem of female university students

Min-Ho Jung, DDS, MSD, PhD^a, Wook Heo, DDS, MSD^b, Seung-Hak Baek, DDS, MSD, PhD^c

^aPrivate practice, Clinical Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Seoul National University Dental Hospital

^bPrivate practice, Department of Orthodontics, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University.

^cAssociate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University.

Corresponding author: Seung-Hak Baek. Department of Orthodontics, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 28, Yeongeon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-768, Korea. +82 2 2072 3952; e-mail, drwhite@unitel.co.kr.

Received 18 August 2008 Revised 24 October 2008 Accepted 28 October 2008

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of malocclusion on the self-esteem of female university students.

Methods:

The subjects were composed of 67 female university students who showed Class I molar relation, no missing or supernumerary teeth and has had no orthodontic treatment experience. Each subject was evaluated with Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale to measure the level of self-esteem and also evaluated the degree of anterior crowding and lip protrusion through model analysis and cephalometric soft tissue profile analysis.

Results:

The results showed that a protrusive profile and crowding of upper anterior teeth had significant reducing effects on the level of self-esteem. The protrusion and crowding groups showed no significant differences in self-esteem between groups.

Conclusions:

Malocclusion had significant negative effects on the self-esteem of female university students. Further research to investigate the negative psychological influence of malocclusion and the education of lay people about this influence is necessary.

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Keywords: Self-esteem, Malocclusion, Protrusive profile, Crowding

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Fig 1.

Cephalometric measurements. 1, Saddle angle; 2, articular angle; 3, gonial angle; 4, Bjork sum (1+2+3); 5, upper 1 to SN; 6, upper 1 to FH; 7, upper lip to E line; 8, lower lip to E line; 9, ANB; 10, IMPA; 11, interincisal angle.

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Fig 2.

Cephalometric measurements (continued). 1, Lower 1 to A Pog; 2, A to N perpendicular; 3, Pog to N perpendicular; 4, anterior facial height (N to Me); 5, posterior facial height (S to Go); 6, facial height ratio (5/4 x 100); 7, nasolabial angle; 8, AB to mandibular plane.

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Fig 3.

Self-esteem scale questionnaire by Rosenberg.²¹

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Table 1.

Grouping of the samples by types of malocclusion

Group	N	Definition
1	23	Class I molar relationship, irregularity index (upper arch) ≤ 5 mm, Upper and lower lip protrusion to E line < total 4 mm, No orthodontic treatment experience
2	22	Class I molar relationship, irregularity index (upper arch) ≥ 8 mm, Upper and lower lip protrusion to E line < total 4 mm, No orthodontic treatment experience
3	22	Class I molar relationship, irregularity index (upper arch)≤ 5 mm, Upper and lower lip protrusion to E line > total 4 mm No orthodontic treatment experience

Table 2.

Irregularity index and lip protrusion values of each group (Mean ± Standard deviation)

Group	Irregularity index	Lip protrusion (UL + LL)
1	2.61±1.30	−1.20±3.09
2	10.86±3.21	−0.36±3.40
3	2.96±1.49	6.88±2.21

Table 3.

Mean and standard deviation of the measurements of each group

Measurement	Group			ANOVA
Measurement	1	2	3	ANOVA
Age (yr)	22.60±2.94	21.61±3.09	23.58±3.92	NS
Björk sum	394.37±4.44	397.56±5.72	400.59±6.77	(1,2)(2,3)^∗
Facial Ht ratio	65.99±3.24	64.28±5.19	61.85±4.80	(1,2)(2,3)^∗
ANB	2.31±2.00	4.09±2.18	4.38±1.85	(1)(2,3)^∗
A to N-perp	−0.35±3.63	0.71±3.01	0.47±3.34	NS
Pog to N-perp	−4.68±5.38	−7.74±6.98	−9.97±6.96	(1,2)(2,3)^∗
U1 to FH	114.85±4.81	115.26±8.63	116.06±6.47	NS
U1toSN	106.67±5.42	106.82±8.35	106.89±6.71	NS
L1toA-Pog	4.92±1.80	4.89±2.45	7.70±2.59	(1,2)(3)^∗
IMPA	95.67±6.75	95.17±7.25	97.30±6.46	NS
InterincisalA.	123.37±6.91	120.73±10.17	115.31±7.98	(1,2)(3)^∗
ABtoMP	70.88±6.49	70.93±5.63	68.99±5.59	NS
NasolabialA.	102.42±12.96	96.65±9.88	99.55±12.84	NS

NS, non-significant difference;

^∗ Duncan's multiple comparison (p ＜ 0.05).

Table 4.

Self-esteem index (SI) of each group

Group	N	SI (Mean±SD)	Post hoc^∗	Order
1	23	3.11±0.29	A
2	22	2.86±0.28	B	A>B
3	22	2.75±0.34	B
Total	67	2.91±0.33

^∗ Duncan's multiple comparison (p ＜ 0.05). Same letter means same level (order A＞ B).

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