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Kim, Gwak, Kim, and Jung: Measurement of Normal Calcaneus in Korean Cadavers: A Preliminary Report
Original Article

J Korean Foot Ankle Soc 2014;18(1):14-18.

Published online: 10 March 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14193/jkfas.2014.18.1.14

Measurement of Normal Calcaneus in Korean Cadavers: A Preliminary Report

Jung-Han Kim, Heui-Chul Gwak, Jeon-Gyo Kim*, Yang Hwan Jung

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea

*Medical Department of 3821th Unit, Korea Army, Gangwon-do, Korea

Corresponding Author: Heui-Chul Gwak Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, 75, Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 614-735, Korea Tel: 82-51-890-6996, Fax: 82-51-890-6129, E-mail: ortho1@hanmail.net

Received 16 January 2014       Revised 29 January 2014       Accepted 29 January 2014

Copyright © 2014 Korean Foot and Ankle Society

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this report is to evaluate the measured values of normal Korean calcaneus by conduct of a cadaveric study.

Materials and Methods

A total of 42 calcanei were obtained from Korean cadavers. A digital goniometer was used for measurement of Böhler's angle, Gissane angle, posterior facet articular inclination angle, and Fowler-Philip angle of calcaneus. A vernier caliper was used for measurement of the maximal antero-posterior length, maximal transverse width, and maximal height of calcaneus.

Results

The average Böhler's angle, Gissane angle, posterior facet articular inclination angle, and Fowler-Philip angle was 32.3o±5.0o, 114.4o±8.2o, 61.2o±4.4o, and 60.3o±7.6o. The average maximal antero-posterior length, maximal transverse width, and maximal height of calcaneus was 74.2±3.0 mm, 43.0±4.0 mm, and 42.5±3.0 mm.

Conclusion

The measured values of normal Korean calcaneus were lower than the values reported in the international literature. Therefore, development of appropriate instruments reflecting the anatomical characteristics of Koreans will be needed.

Keywords: Calcaneus, Size, Angle, Korean, Cadaver

References

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Figure 1.
We confirmed a gross lesion in calcaneus.
jkfas-18-14f1.tif
Figure 2.
(A) Digital goniometer (Bluebird). (B) Vernier caliper (Mitutoyo Philosophy).
jkfas-18-14f2.tif
Figure 3.
‘A’: Böhler's angle, ‘B’: Gissane angle.
jkfas-18-14f3.tif
Figure 4.
‘A’: posterior facet articular inclination angle, ‘B’: Philip-Fowler angle.
jkfas-18-14f4.tif
Figure 5.
‘A’: maximal anterioposterior length, ‘B’: maximal height.
jkfas-18-14f5.tif
Figure 6.
Maximal transverse width.
jkfas-18-14f6.tif
Figure 7.
Intervals between the locking calcaneal plate fixation and calcaneal border.
jkfas-18-14f7.tif
Table 1.
Demographic Information
  n (%) Mean±SD (range)
Age (yr)   74±9.5 (54∼91)
Gender    
Male 8 (38) 68.5±10.6 (54∼90)
Female 13 (62) 77±7.0 (62∼91)
Böhler angle (o) 42 32.3±5.0 (20.0∼43.0)
Gissane angle (o) 42 114.4±8.2 (93.0∼133.9)
Posterior facet articular inclination angle (o) 42 61.2±4.4 (51.0∼68.1)
Fowler-Philip angle (o) 42 60.3±7.6 (41.0∼71.5)
Maximum length (mm) 42 74.2±3.0 (69∼81)
Maximum width (mm) 42 43.0±4.0 (37∼56)
Maximum height (mm) 42 42.5±3.0 (35∼47)

SD: standard deviation.

Table 2.
Differences between Males and Females
Variable Male (n=16) Female (n=26) p-value
Böhler angle (o) 32.8±5.8 31.9±4.6 0.56
Gissane angle (o) 117.7±7.4 112.5±8.1 0.06
Posterior facet articular inclination angle (o) 60.5±5.1 61.7±4.0 0.49
Fowler-Philip angle (o) 60.5±7.3 60.1±7.9 0.89
Maximum length (mm) 74.2±3.0 74.2±4.0 0.88
Maximum width (mm) 43.7±4.0 42.9±4.0 0.69
Maximum height (mm) 43.3±2.0 41.8±3.0 0.10

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

Table 3.
Differences between Right Side and Left Side
Variable Right (n=21) Left (n=21) p-value
Böhler angle (o) 32.1±5.7 32.4±4.4 0.68
Gissane angle (o) 113.8±7.6 115.1±8.8 0.47
Posterior facet articular inclination angle (o) 61.7±4.7 60.8±4.2 0.25
Fowler-Philip angle (o) 59.9±7.3 60.6±8.0 0.63
Maximum length (mm) 74.3±3.0 74.1±3.0 0.65
Maximum width (mm) 42.9±4.0 43.5±4.0 0.12
Maximum height (mm) 42.5±3.0 42.4±3.0 0.52

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

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