Clinical practice guideline for dementia by Clinical Research Center for Dementia of South Korea

Bon D. Ku; Shin Gyeom Kim; Jun-Young Lee; Kee Hyung Park; Joon Hyun Shin; Kwang Ki Kim; Young Chul Youn; Yung Min Lee; Chang Hyung Hong; Sang Won Seo; Duk L. Na; Sung Yoon Kim; Hae-Kwan Cheong; Doh Kwan Kim; Jae-Hong Lee; SangYun Kim; Byeong Kil Yeon; Soo Young Kim; Seol-Heui Han

doi:10.5124/jkma.2011.54.8.861

Journal List > J Korean Med Assoc > v.54(8) > 1042479

Go to TopGo to Top Go to BottomGo to Bottom

TOOLS

Ku, Kim, Lee, Park, Shin, Kim, Youn, Lee, Hong, Seo, Na, Kim, Cheong, Kim, Lee, Kim, Yeon, Kim, and Han: Clinical practice guideline for dementia by Clinical Research Center for Dementia of South Korea

Continuing Education Column

Journal of the Korean Medical Association

Journal of the Korean Medical Association 2011; 54(8): 861-875.

Published online: 9 August 2011

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2011.54.8.861

Clinical practice guideline for dementia by Clinical Research Center for Dementia of South Korea

Bon D. Ku, MD¹, Shin Gyeom Kim, MD², Jun-Young Lee, MD³, Kee Hyung Park, MD⁴, Joon Hyun Shin, MD⁵, Kwang Ki Kim, MD⁶, Young Chul Youn, MD⁷, Yung Min Lee, MD⁸, Chang Hyung Hong, MD⁹, Sang Won Seo, MD¹⁰, Duk L. Na, MD¹⁰, Sung Yoon Kim, MD¹¹, Hae-Kwan Cheong, MD¹², Doh Kwan Kim, MD¹³, Jae-Hong Lee, MD¹⁴, SangYun Kim, MD¹⁵, Byeong Kil Yeon, MD¹⁶, Soo Young Kim, MD¹⁷, Seol-Heui Han, MD¹⁸

¹Department of Neurology, Myongji Hospital, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.

²Department of Psychiatry, Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea.

³Department of Psychiatry, Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

⁴Department of Neurology, Gil Hospital, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea.

⁵Department of Neurology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

⁶Department of Neurology, Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.

⁷Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

⁸Department of Psychiatry, Busan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.

⁹Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.

¹⁰Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

¹¹Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

¹²Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.

¹³Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

¹⁴Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

¹⁵Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea.

¹⁶Department of Psychiatry, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

¹⁷Department of Family Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

¹⁸Department of Neurology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author: Seol-Heui Han, alzdoc@kuh.ac.kr

Received 29 April 2011 Accepted 26 May 2011

(open-access):

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

The Clinical Research Center for Dementia of South Korea (CREDOS), a nation-wide clinical dementia research group, has prepared clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for dementia tailored to the Korean population. In this article, a summary of the CREDOS CPG is presented with the Korean and English version of full report included in the appendix. The CREDOS CPG in intended not only for psychiatrists and neurologists, but also internists, family physicians, and other primary care physicians involved in the prevention and early diagnosis of dementia. While our CPG for dementia mainly covers Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD), it also includes mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and vascular MCI, which are currently known to be the preclinical stages of AD or VaD, respectively, with emphasis placed on early diagnosis. The CREDOS CPG aims to achieve the following goals by developing CPG for dementia: to establish evidence-based, objective and clear clinical standards for dementia; to improve the clinical decision-making process for patients with dementia; to provide scientific and systematic scales to aid in the work of dementia specialists; to suggest comprehensive and systematic healthcare services tailored to each dementia subtype. The CREDOS CPG focuses on diagnosis and evaluation of clinical practice available domestically, and provides useful concepts of dementia. Its emphasis is on etiologies and epidemiology, diagnostic criteria and evaluation, neuropsychological tests, behavioral and psychological symptoms, the activities of daily living, laboratory tests, and brain imaging.

Keywords: Dementia, Clinical practice guideline, Alzheimer disease, Mild cognitive impairment, Clinical Research Center for Dementia of South Korea

Figures and Tables

Figure 1

Diagnostic flow for dementia evaluation. ADL, activities of daily living; MCI, mild cognitive impairment.

Table 1

The selected source guidelines for adaptation of the clinical practice guideline for dementia

Table 2

Evidence classification scheme of the clinical practice guideline for dementia [3]

Acknowledgement

This study was supported by a grant from the Korea Health 21 R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare Republic of Korea (A102065).

References

1. Korea National Statistical Office. Social index survey. 2006. Daejeon: Korea National Statistical Office.

2. Kim SY, Kim NS, Shin SS, Kim DW, Ji SM, Lee SJ. Manual for guideline adaptation ver 1.0. 2009. Cheongwon: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

3. Brainin M, Barnes M, Baron JC, Gilhus NE, Hughes R, Selmaj K, Waldemar G. Guideline Standards Subcommittee of the EFNS Scientific Committee. Guidance for the preparation of neurological management guidelines by EFNS scientific task forces--revised recommendations 2004. Eur J Neurol. 2004. 11:577–581.

4. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Dementia: the NICE-SCIE guideline on supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. 2007. London: British Psychological Society and Gaskell.

5. Waldemar G, Dubois B, Emre M, Georges J, McKeith IG, Rossor M, Scheltens P, Tariska P, Winblad B. EFNS. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline. Eur J Neurol. 2007. 14:e1–e26.

6. Petersen RC, Stevens JC, Ganguli M, Tangalos EG, Cummings JL, DeKosky ST. Practice parameter: early detection of dementia: mild cognitive impairment (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2001. 56:1133–1142.

7. Knopman DS, DeKosky ST, Cummings JL, Chui H, Corey-Bloom J, Relkin N, Small GW, Miller B, Stevens JC. Practice parameter: diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2001. 56:1143–1153.

8. Doody RS, Stevens JC, Beck C, Dubinsky RM, Kaye JA, Gwyther L, Mohs RC, Thal LJ, Whitehouse PJ, DeKosky ST, Cummings JL. Practice parameter: management of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2001. 56:1154–1166.

9. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network Management of patients with dementia: A national clinical guideline. 2006. Edinburgh: National Health Service.

10. Mayeux R, Ottman R, Tang MX, Noboa-Bauza L, Marder K, Gurland B, Stern Y. Genetic susceptibility and head injury as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease among community-dwelling elderly persons and their first-degree relatives. Ann Neurol. 1993. 33:494–501.

11. Jorm AF. Is depression a risk factor for dementia or cognitive decline? A review? Gerontology. 2000. 46:219–227.

12. Gao S, Hendrie HC, Hall KS, Hui S. The relationships between age, sex, and the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998. 55:809–815.

13. Park J, Ko HJ, Park YN, Jung CH. Dementia among the elderly in a rural Korean community. Br J Psychiatry. 1994. 164:796–801.

14. Woo JI, Lee JH, Yoo KY, Kim CY, Kim YI, Shin YS. Prevalence estimation of dementia in a rural area of Korea. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998. 46:983–987.

15. Cho MJ, Hahm BJ, Jhoo JH, Bae JN, Kwon JS. Prevalence of cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms among the elderly in an urban community. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 1998. 37:352–362.

16. Kim DH, Na DL, Yeon BG, Kang Y, Min KB, Lee SH, Lee SS, Lee MR, Pyo OJ, Park CB, Kim S, Bae SS. Prevalence of dementia in the elderly of an urban community in Korea. Korean J Prev Med. 1999. 32:306–316.

17. Suh GH. Epidemiologic transition in dementia-cross-national comparisons of the indices related to Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: epidemiologic transition in dementia. J Korean Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000. 4:173–185.

18. Lee DY, Lee JH, Ju YS, Lee KU, Kim KW, Jhoo JH, Yoon JC, Ha J, Woo JI. The prevalence of dementia in older people in an urban population of Korea: the Seoul study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002. 50:1233–1239.

19. Kim J, Jeong I, Chun JH, Lee S. The prevalence of dementia in a metropolitan city of South Korea. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003. 18:617–622.

20. Seoul National University Hospital. . Nationwide study on the prevalence of dementia in Korean elders. 2008. Seoul: Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs.

21. Daly E, Zaitchik D, Copeland M, Schmahmann J, Gunther J, Albert M. Predicting conversion to Alzheimer disease using standardized clinical information. Arch Neurol. 2000. 57:675–680.

22. Flicker C, Ferris SH, Reisberg B. Mild cognitive impairment in the elderly: predictors of dementia. Neurology. 1991. 41:1006–1009.

23. Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol. 1999. 56:303–308.

24. Petersen RC, Doody R, Kurz A, Mohs RC, Morris JC, Rabins PV, Ritchie K, Rossor M, Thal L, Winblad B. Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 2001. 58:1985–1992.

25. Rocca WA, Hofman A, Brayne C, Breteler MM, Clarke M, Copeland JR, Dartigues JF, Engedal K, Hagnell O, Heeren TJ. Frequency and distribution of Alzheimer's disease in Europe: a collaborative study of 1980-1990 prevalence fin-dings. The EURODEM-Prevalence Research Group. Ann Neurol. 1991. 30:381–390.

26. Rabe A, Wisniewski KE, Schapf N, Wisniewski HE. Deutsch SI, WeizmanWeizman A, Weizman R, editors. Relation-ship of Down's syndrome to Alzheimer's disease. Application of basic neuroscience to child. 1990. New York: Plenum Publishing;325–339.

27. Hardy J. New insights into the genetics of Alzheimer's disease. Ann Med. 1996. 28:255–258.

28. Schellenberg GD, Anderson L, O'dahl S, Wisjman EM, Sadovnick AD, Ball MJ, Larson EB, Kukull WA, Martin GM, Roses AD. APP717, APP693, and PRIP gene mutations are rare in Alzheimer disease. Am J Hum Genet. 1991. 49:511–517.

29. Cruts M, van Duijn CM, Backhovens H, Van den Broeck M, Wehnert A, Serneels S, Sherrington R, Hutton M, Hardy J, St George-Hyslop PH, Hofman A, Van Broeckhoven C. Estimation of the genetic contribution of presenilin-1 and -2 mutations in a population-based study of presenile Alzheimer disease. Hum Mol Genet. 1998. 7:43–51.

30. Strittmatter WJ, Saunders AM, Schmechel D, Pericak-Vance M, Enghild J, Salvesen GS, Roses AD. Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993. 90:1977–1981.

31. Letenneur L. Risk of dementia and alcohol and wine con-sumption: a review of recent results. Biol Res. 2004. 37:189–193.

32. Ott A, Slooter AJ, Hofman A, van Harskamp F, Witteman JC, Van Broeckhoven C, van Duijn CM, Breteler MM. Smoking and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a population-based cohort study: the Rotterdam Study. Lancet. 1998. 351:1840–1843.

33. Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Fratiglioni L, Viitanen M, Kåreholt I, Winblad B, Helkala EL, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Nissinen A. Obesity and vascular risk factors at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2005. 62:1556–1560.

34. Skoog I, Lernfelt B, Landahl S, Palmertz B, Andreasson LA, Nilsson L, Persson G, Oden A, Svanborg A. 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. Lancet. 1996. 347:1141–1145.

35. Jick H, Zornberg GL, Jick SS, Seshadri S, Drachman DA. Statins and the risk of dementia. Lancet. 2000. 356:1627–1631.

36. Guo Z, Cupples LA, Kurz A, Auerbach SH, Volicer L, Chui H, Green RC, Sadovnick AD, Duara R, DeCarli C, Johnson K, Go RC, Growdon JH, Haines JL, Kukull WA, Farrer LA. Head injury and the risk of AD in the MIRAGE study. Neurology. 2000. 54:1316–1323.

37. Rovio S, Kareholt I, Helkala EL, Viitanen M, Winblad B, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Nissinen A, Kivipelto M. Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2005. 4:705–711.

38. Stern Y, Gurland B, Tatemichi TK, Tang MX, Wilder D, Mayeux R. Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. JAMA. 1994. 271:1004–1010.

39. De Craen AJ, Gussekloo J, Vrijsen B, Westendorp RG. Meta-analysis of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use and risk of dementia. Am J Epidemiol. 2005. 161:114–120.

40. Brookmeyer R, Gray S, Kawas C. Projections of Alzheimer's disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset. Am J Public Health. 1998. 88:1337–1342.

41. Kang IO, Park JY, Lee YK, Seo SR, Kim KH, Choi SJ. The socioeconomic cost analysis-oriented to the dementia patients using medical service. 2005. Seoul: National Health Insurance Cooperation.

42. Snowdon DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA, Riley KP, Greiner PA, Markesbery WR. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease. The Nun Study. JAMA. 1997. 277:813–817.

43. American Psychiatry Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 1994. 4th ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatry Association.

44. World Health Organization. ICD 10: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and related health problems. 1992. 10th ed. Geneva: American Psychiatric Publishing.

45. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology. 1984. 34:939–944.

46. Roman GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T, Cummings JL, Masdeu JC, Garcia JH, Amaducci L, Orgogozo JM, Brun A, Hofman A. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology. 1993. 43:250–260.

47. Rosen WG, Terry RD, Fuld PA, Katzman R, Peck A. Pathological verification of ischemic score in differentiation of dementias. Ann Neurol. 1980. 7:486–488.

48. Knopman DS, Parisi JE, Boeve BF, Cha RH, Apaydin H, Salviati A, Edland SD, Rocca WA. Vascular dementia in a population-based autopsy study. Arch Neurol. 2003. 60:569–575.

49. Winblad B, Palmer K, Kivipelto M, Jelic V, Fratiglioni L, Wahlund LO, Nordberg A, Backman L, Albert M, Almkvist O, Arai H, Basun H, Blennow K, de Leon M, DeCarli C, Erkinjuntti T, Giacobini E, Graff C, Hardy J, Jack C, Jorm A, Ritchie K, van Duijn C, Visser P, Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment: beyond controversies, towards a consensus. Report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Intern Med. 2004. 256:240–246.

50. Hachinski V. Vascular dementia: a radical redefinition. Dementia. 1994. 5:130–132.

51. Choi SH, Na DL, Kang Y, Lee WY, Park BJ. The validity and reliability of the Samsung Dementia Questionnaire (SDQ). J Korean Neurol Assoc. 1998. 16:307–314.

52. Choi SH, Na DL, Oh KM, Park BJ. A Short form of the Samsung Dementia Questionnaire (S-SDQ): development and cross-validation. J Korean Neurol Assoc. 1999. 17:253–258.

53. Yang DW, Cho BL, Chey JY, Kim SY, Kim BS. The development and validation of Korean Dementia Screening Questionnaire (KDSQ). J Korean Neurol Assoc. 2002. 20:135–141.

54. Ryu HJ, Kim HJ, Han SH. Validity and reliability of the Korean version of the AD8 informant interview (K-AD8) in dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2009. 23:371–376.

55. Galvin JE, Roe CM, Powlishta KK, Coats MA, Muich SJ, Grant E, Miller JP, Storandt M, Morris JC. The AD8: a brief informant interview to detect dementia. Neurology. 2005. 65:559–564.

56. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975. 12:189–198.

57. Kwon YC, Park JH. Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K) part : development of the test for the elderly. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 1989. 28:125–135.

58. Kang YW. A normative study of the Korean-Mini Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) in the elderly. Korean J Psychol Gen. 2006. 25:1–12.

59. Lee JH, Lee KU, Lee DY, Kim KW, Jhoo JH, Kim JH, Lee KH, Kim SY, Han SH, Woo JI. Development of the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Packet (CERAD-K): clinical and neuropsychological assessment batteries. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2002. 57:P47–P53.

60. Han JW, Kim TH, Jhoo JH, Park JH, Kim JL, Ryu SH, Moon SW, Choo IH, Lee DW, Yoon JC, Do YJ, Lee SB, Kim MD, Kim KW. A normative study of the Mini-Mental State Examination for Dementia Screening (MMSE-DS) and Its Short Form (SM MSE-DS) in the Korean elderly. J Korean Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010. 14:27–37.

61. Choi SH, Na DL, Lee BH, Hahm DS, Jeong JH, Yoon SJ, Yoo KH, Ha CK, Han IW. Estimating the validity of the Korean version of expanded Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Scale. J Korean Neurol Assoc. 2001. 19:585–591.

62. Choi SH, Na DL, Lee BH, Hahm DS, Jeong JH, Jeong Y, Koo EJ, Ha CK, Ahn SS. Korean Dementia Research Group. The validity of the Korean version of Global Deterioration Scale. J Korean Neurol Assoc. 2002. 20:612–617.

63. Sohn EH, Lee AY, Park HJ. The validity and reliability of the Korean Modified Mini-Mental State (K-3MS) Examination. J Korean Neurol Assoc. 2003. 21:346–356.

64. Kang YW, Na DL, Son KR, Chung CS, Lee KH. Comparison of two screening tests in dementia: the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the revised Hasegawa's Demential Scale (HDS-R). J Korean Neurol Assoc. 1999. 17:Suppl 2. 82–83.

65. Yang DW, Kim BS, Shim DS, Chung SW, Lee KS, Han SH, Kim SY, Jeong SK. Reliability and validity of the Korean version of revised form of Hasegawa Dementia Scale (K-HDS). J Korean Neurol Assoc. 2004. 22:315–321.

66. Kim KW, Lee DY, Ahn SY, Jhoo JH, Kil YN. Reliability and validity of the Korean version of Hasegawa Dementia Scale (HDS-K) as a dementia screening instrument. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2002. 41:526–537.

67. Park MS, Cho BL, Yang DW, Kim SY. A validation study of a Korean version of the 7-minute screen test. J Korean Acad Fam Med. 2002. 23:728–739.

68. Lee JY, Lee DW, Cho SJ, Na DL, Jeon HJ, Kim SK, Lee RA, Youn JH, Kwon M, Lee JH, Cho MJ. Brief screening for mild cognitive impairment in elderly outpatient clinic: validation of the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2008. 21:104–110.

69. Kang YW, Park JS, Yu KH, Lee BC. A reliability validity, and normative study of the Korean-Montreal Cognitive Assessment (K-MoCA) as an instrument for screening of Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI). Korean J Clin Psychol. 2009. 28:549–562.

70. Kang YW, Na DL. Seoul neuropsychological screening battery. 2003. Incheon: Human Brain Research & Consulting Co..

71. Ahn HJ, Chin J, Park A, Lee BH, Suh MK, Seo SW, Na DL. Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery-Dementia Version (SNSB-D): a useful tool for assessing and monitoring cognitive impairments in dementia patients. J Korean Med Sci. 2010. 25:1071–1076.

72. Youn JC, Lee DY, Kim KW, Lee JH, Jhoo JH, Lee KU, Ha J, Woo JI. Development of the Korean version of Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-K). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002. 17:797–803.

73. Ahn IS, Kim JH, Ku HM, Saxton J, Kim DK. Reliability and validity of the severe impairment battery (SIB) in Korean dementia patients. J Korean Med Sci. 2006. 21:506–517.

74. Na HR, Lee JW, Ko SB, Park SM, Lee SH, Yang DW, Han IW, Kim DH, Baek MJ, Lee JS, Kim JS, Kim SY. The validity and reliability of the Korean version of Severe Impairment Battery. J Korean Dement Assoc. 2006. 5:70–76.

75. Chey JY, Lee SA. Development of the norms for the Korean-Dementia Rating Scale. Korean J Clin Psychol. 1997. 16:423–433.

76. Chey JY. Elderly memory disorder scale. 2007. Seoul: Hakjisa.

77. Finkel S. Introduction to behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000. 15:Suppl 1. S2–S4.

78. Choi SH, Na DL, Kwon HM, Yoon SJ, Jeong JH, Ha CK. The Korean version of the neuropsychiatric inventory: a scoring tool for neuropsychiatric disturbance in dementia patients. J Korean Med Sci. 2000. 15:609–615.

79. Suh GH, Park JH. The Behavior Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale, Korean version (BEHAVE-AD-K): factor structure among Alzheimer's disease inpatients. J Korean Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001. 5:86–95.

80. Youn JC, Lee DY, Lee JH, Kim KW, Jhoo JH, Choo IH, Paek YS, Jeon YH, Seo KW, Woo JI. Development of a Korean version of the Behavior Rating Scale for Dementia (BRSD-K). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008. 23:677–684.

81. Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index. Md State Med J. 1965. 14:61–65.

82. Hindmarch I, Lehfeld H, de Jongh P, Erzigkeit H. The Bayer Activities of Daily Living Scale (B-ADL). Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 1998. 9:Suppl 2. 20–26.

83. Rubin EH, Kinscherf DA. Psychopathology of very mild dementia of the Alzheimer type. Am J Psychiatry. 1989. 146:1017–1021.

84. Galasko D, Kershaw PR, Schneider L, Zhu Y, Tariot PN. Galantamine maintains ability to perform activities of daily living in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004. 52:1070–1076.

85. Kang SJ, Choi SH, Lee BH, Kwon JC, Na DL, Han SH. The reliability and validity of the Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (K-IADL). J Korean Neurol Assoc. 2002. 20:8–14.

86. Choi SH, Na DL, Lee BH, Kang SJ, Ha CK, Han SH, Erzigkeit H. Validation of the Korean version of the Bayer Activities of Daily Living Scale. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2003. 18:469–475.

87. Suh GH. Development of the Korean version of Disability Assessment for Dementia Scale (DAD-K) to assess function in dementia. J Korean Geriatr Soc. 2003. 7:278–287.

88. Ku HM, Kim JH, Kwon EJ, Kim SH, Lee HS, Ko HJ, Jo S, Kim DK. A study on the reliability and validity of Seoul-Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (S-IADL). J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2004. 43:189–199.

89. Ku HM, Kim JH, Lee HS, Ko HJ, Kwon EJ, Jo S, Kim DK. A study on the reliability and validity of Seoul-Activities of Daily Living (S-ADL). J Korean Geriatr Soc. 2004. 8:206–214.

90. Royal College of Psychiatrists. Forgetful but not forgotten. 2005. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists.

91. Andreasen N, Blennow K. CSF biomarkers for mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2005. 107:165–173.

92. Hsich G, Kenney K, Gibbs CJ, Lee KH, Harrington MG. The 14-3-3 brain protein in cerebrospinal fluid as a marker for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. N Engl J Med. 1996. 335:924–930.

93. Blennow K, Hampel H. CSF markers for incipient Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2003. 2:605–613.

94. Verbeek MM, De Jong D, Kremer HP. Brain-specific proteins in cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. Ann Clin Biochem. 2003. 40(Pt 1):25–40.

95. Strozyk D, Blennow K, White LR, Launer LJ. CSF Abeta 42 levels correlate with amyloid-neuropathology in a population-based autopsy study. Neurology. 2003. 60:652–656.

96. Mayeux R, Saunders AM, Shea S, Mirra S, Evans D, Roses AD, Hyman BT, Crain B, Tang MX, Phelps CH. Utility of the apolipoprotein E genotype in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Disease Centers Consortium on Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's Disease. N Engl J Med. 1998. 338:506–511.

97. De Leon MJ, Convit A, DeSanti S, Bobinski M, George AE, Wisniewski HM, Rusinek H, Carroll R, Saint Louis LA. Contribution of structural neuroimaging to the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 1997. 9:Suppl 1. 183–190.

98. Foster NL, Chase TN, Mansi L, Brooks R, Fedio P, Patronas NJ, Di Chiro G. Cortical abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol. 1984. 16:649–654.

99. Agdeppa ED, Kepe V, Liu J, Flores-Torres S, Satyamurthy N, Petric A, Cole GM, Small GW, Huang SC, Barrio JR. Binding characteristics of radiofluorinated 6-dialkylamino-2-naphthylethylidene derivatives as positron emission tomography imaging probes for beta-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci. 2001. 21:RC189.

Electronic Supplementary Material

Original report of 'Clinical practice guideline for dementia by Clinical Research Center for Dementia of South Korea' is available from: http://jkma.org/src/SM/jkma-54-861-s001.pdf (Korean version)

or from: http://jkma.org/src/SM/jkma-54-861-s002.pdf (English version)

TOOLS

Similar articles