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Abstract
To address effectively health determinants and challenges in the rapidly changing global context of the 21st century, the Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion was adopted at the Sixth Global Conference for Health Promotion in 2005. According to the Bangkok Charter, all sectors and settings of society are required to implement five strategies for health promotion: they must be advocates for health and health promotion, make strategic investments in their policies and programs, build capacity, regulate and enact appropriate legislation, and build partner alliances with other actors for health promotion. The purpose of this study is to assess the extent to which Korea has implemented the health promotion strategies of the Bangkok Charter. To facilitate more effective approaches to promote health in Korea, we sent survey questionnaires to 224 local public health centers throughout the country. We received responses from 384 professionals in 145 of these public health centers. Our analysis of these surveys indicates that basic concepts of health promotion as well as important approaches and health promotion strategies have not been effectively utilized in the Korean context. This is particularly true of efforts to regulate and legislate in the public health field, and to partner and build alliances for health promotion. Efforts in these areas have been inadequate and not given enough priority within the field as a whole. With a concerted effort to implement these strategies for health promotion in all sectors and all settings of Korean society, we can expect more effective interventions and approaches for promoting health and to achieve a higher level of overall societal health.
Figures and Tables
Figure 1
Local public health center directors' perceived importance and perceived implementation of the Bangkok Charter's health promotion strategies at the municipality level in Korea (n=118). As measured using Likert 5 scales.
Figure 2
Local public health center middle managers and frontline workers' perceived implementation of the Bangkok Charter's health promotion strategies in four health promotion programs at the municipality level in Korea (n=250). As measured using Likert 5 scales.
Table 2
The survey instrument
( ) presented as no. of items.
NA: not applicable.
a)As measured using Likert 5 scales.
b)The directors of local public health centers (PHCs) assessed the extent to which the Bangkok Charter's health promotion strategies had been implemented at the municipality level in Korea in the decade after 1995; the middle managers and the frontline workers of PHCs focused their assessment on four health promotion programs over the year of 2005-2006: tobacco control, alcohol use, physical activity, and diet.
c)Cronbach's α was calculated in each group of directors, middle managers and frontline workers.
Table 3
Public health centers (PHCs) implementation of the Ottawa Charter's health promotion concepts and approaches at the municipality
level in Korea
a)We measured PHC health officials' responses by using Likert 5 scales (1: not implemented at all, 2: very little effort made to implement, 3: some effort made to implement, 4: partly implemented, 5: thoroughly implemented).
b)Difference of the perceived extent of implementation of the Ottawa Charter, according to different positions in the division of labor (directors, middle managers, or frontline workers) amongst health officials by ANOVA test was statistically significant (p<0.05).
Table 4
The perceived importance of the Bangkok Charter's health promotion strategies, by various levels of health officials at local public health centers in Korea
Table 5
Health officials'perceived implementation of the Bangkok Charter's health promotion strategies at the municipality level in Korea
Values are presented as mean (SD). As measured using Likert 5 scales (1, not important at all; 2, little important; 3, somewhat important; 4, important; 5, very important).
a)The directors of local public health centers (PHCs) assessed the extent to which the Bangkok Charter's health promotion strategies had been implemented at the municipality level in Korea in the decade after 1995.
b)The middle managers and the frontline workers of PHCs focused their assessment on four health promotion programs over the year of 2005-2006: tobacco control, alcohol use, physical activity, and diet.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank Gong-Hyun Kim, Chong-Hee Cho, Hye-Kyung Hwang, Min-Soo Park, Steven Hugh Lee, and all the participating health officials from local public health centers across Korea. This study was supported by a grant from National Health Promotion Fund, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea.
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