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Introduction
Swine dysentery (SD) is a mucohaemorrhagic colitis of pigs caused by the anaerobic intestinal spirochete Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Outbreaks of SD are relatively common in a number of developed and developing countries, especially where the use of antimicrobial agents is restricted [9]. Until recently, there were five species of Brachyspira identified from swine [20]. B. innocens, though it is similar to B. hyodysenteriae, is non-pathogenic and has been isolated from both healthy and sick pigs; this causes confusion in the diagnosis of SD [9]. B. pilosicoli, a weakly hemolytic spirochete, has been isolated from pigs with mucosal diarrhea [20]. B. intermedia is indole positive with weak hemolysis, and B. murdochii is, although morphologically similar to B. hyodysenteriae, weakly hemolytic and indole negative [13]. Many attempts have been made to characterize the porcine intestinal spirochete isolates by serological diagnosis [9], restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) [11,18], PCR [1,7,15], sequence analysis of genes [4,14], multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) [10,12,13] and RAPD [5]. Recently, PCR-RFLP methods have been developed and used for 23S rRNA genes [3], flaA1 [8] and NADH oxidase (nox) [2,16,19]. In this study, the 23S rRNA gene PCR-RFLP was used for the characterization of Korean isolates.
Materials and Methods
Microorganisms and DNA samples
Seven reference strains (Table 1) were used for the characterization of ten Korean isolates (National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Korea), which were previously isolated from pigs with dysentery and identified using biochemical and serological methods [9,10,12,13]. Chromosomal DNA was prepared using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
PCR-RFLP
Using Gene Runner software (Hastings Software, USA), a 23S rRNA-specific primer set was designed and synthesized (Bionics, Korea). A forward primer, which corresponded to the B. hyodysenteriae 23S rRNA gene sequence (GenBank #U72699) between 999th to 1022th nucleotides and a reverse primer between 1492th to 1515th nucleotides were used to amplify a 517 bp PCR product. The PCR conditions consisted of 5 µl (50 ng/µl) of DNA and 1 µl each of primer (50 pM) in a 5 µl of 10× reaction buffer with 5 µl of 25 mM MgCl2, 5 µl of 10 mM dNTP (each 2.5 mM) and 1 µl of 5 U Ex Taq DNA polymerase (TaKaRa, Japan) to a final volume of 50 µl on a thermal cycler (PTC-100; MJ Research, USA). PCR was initiated after an incubation step at 94℃ for 3 min, followed by 30 cycles of 94℃ for 30 s, 55℃ for 30 s, and 72℃ for 30 s, with a final extension step at 72℃ for 5 min. PCR products that were 517 bp were excised and purified from agarose gels using a Geneclean II Kit (Qbiogene, USA). Purified PCR products were digested with either TaqI or AluI restriction enzymes (Promega, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Digested fragments were visualized on 3% agarose gels. DNA sequencing reactions were performed on an automated DNA sequencer (ABI PRISM 3100 Genetic Analyzer; Applied Biosystems, USA). Sequencing data were assembled and edited using the BLAST method. Sequences were aligned and a phylogenic tree was constructed using DNAMAN (Lynnon BioSoft, Canada).
Results
Using a set of primers, the 517 bp PCR product was amplified from all reference strains and Korean isolates. Four PCR-RFLP patterns were predicted after digestion of PCR products with either TaqI or AluI (Table 2). As expected, when digested with TaqI, unique 94, 134 bp fragments from B. hyodysenteriae and 51, 166 bp fragments from B. pilosicoli were produced (Fig. 1). The restriction enzyme AluI produced a unique 309 bp fragment with B. pilosicoli (Fig. 2). However, a unique 206 bp fragment was not produced with B. murdochii (56-150). To better understand the genetic differences among spirochetes, a phylogenic tree was generated (Fig. 3).
Discussion
Intestinal spirochetes are frequently isolated from intestinal specimens of swine suffering from SD; however, they can also be isolated from healthy swine. The biochemical and morphological discrimination of different types of Brachyspira spp. is complicated by difficulties with culture techniques and common characteristics. Therefore, a rapid and accurate method is required for the accurate identification of pathogenic (B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli) differentiated from non-pathogenic porcine intestinal spirochetes. Historically, hemolysis patterns on blood agar, during primary isolation, have been used for general identification to distinguish pathogenic from non-pathogenic intestinal spirochetes [6]. However, there are some strains, which produce weak and/or intermediate hemolysis and can not be assigned to a specific group [3]. PCR-RFLP has been shown to produce accurate, rapid and reproducible results for the identification of porcine intestinal spirochetes [3,16,19]. For nox-based PCR-RFLP experiment [16], four sets of primers were used; this implies that the target sequences for primer binding are not highly conserved, though the restriction pattern was highly distinct. For a 16S rRNA PCR-RFLP experiment [17], it was not possible to differentiate B. hyodysenteriae from B. intermedia. However, 23S rRNA PCR-RFLP revealed a similar pattern within same species; the sequence for 23S rRNA was highly conserved among the same species [3].
Ten Korean isolates, previously classified as B. hyodysenteriae by biochemical and morphological methods, shared the same restriction pattern with B. hyodysenteriae reference strains (B204, B234, B169). The results for B. pilosicoli, B. innocens and B. intermedia were similar to those from a previous report [3]. According to a previous study, B. murdochii was expected to produce a unique 206 bp fragment [3]. However, the restriction pattern of B. murdochii (56-160) was the same as non-pathogenic intestinal spirochetes, which is a finding different from results previously reported [3]. Therefore, B. murdochii strains (155-20 [3] and 56-160) did not share the same restriction pattern, and 23S rRNA PCR-RFLP cannot be used for the discrimination of non-pathogenic intestinal spirochetes; though it can discriminate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic porcine intestinal spirochetes. In this study 3% agarose gels were used for the visualization of restriction fragments. The use of 12.5% polyacrylamide gels with silver nitrate staining for 23S rRNA PCR-RFLP is complicated by difficulties with handling and reading, and requires more time and effort. However, when using 3% agarose gel, the visualization of small DNA fragments produced during restriction enzyme treatment was very simple and produced clear results, which could be used for routine diagnosis.
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