Abstract
Figures and Tables
Fig. 1
Outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Korea in 2014 and 2015. (A) Monthly progress of FMD cases. GG, Gyeonggi; GW, Gangwon; CN, Chungnam; CB, Chungbuk; GB, Gyeongbuk; GN, Gyeongnam; JN, Jeonnam; JB, Jeonbuk; SJ, Sejong city; IC, Incheon city. (B) Number of detected cases in cattle and pigs, and cumulative case numbers occurring after the first case.
![jvs-19-271-g001](/upload/SynapseData/ArticleImage/0118jvs/jvs-19-271-g001.jpg)
Fig. 2
Antibody prevalence against foot-and-mouth disease in 2014 and 2015 cases in South Korea. (A) Type O antibody prevalence obtained by structural protein (SP) antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 2014 and 2015. (B) Detected number of nonstructural protein (NSP) antibody positive farms in 2014 and 2015.
![jvs-19-271-g002](/upload/SynapseData/ArticleImage/0118jvs/jvs-19-271-g002.jpg)
Fig. 3
Comparison of VP1 sequences of vaccine prototypes and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viral strains closely related to O/SKR/Dec/2014 with a phylogenetic tree showing viral FMD strains closely related to O/SKR/Dec/2014 (black dot). The O/TAI/Ban/60 strain (GenBank KM243030.1) is a similar strain to O 3039. The National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank accession numbers for the virus strains are as follows: O/SKR/Apr/2010 (HM143846.1), O/SKR/1/2000 (AJ318854.1), O/SKR/1/2002 (AH012984.2), O/HLJOC12/03 (DQ119643.2), O/JPN/1/2010 (LC149719.1), O/SKR/Nov/2010 (KR401159.1), O/SKR/Dec-YJ/2010 (KF501487.1), O/SKR/Dec-YC/2010 (KR401160.1), O/SKR/Dec/2014 (KX162590.1), O/TAI/Ban/60 (KM243030.1), O TAW 98 (KJ606982.1), O1 Manisa (AY593823.1), O1 Campos (AJ320488.1), and O/GZ-MT/CHA/2013 (KJ646655). SEA, South-East Asia; ME-SA, Middle East and South Asia; CHA, China; HKN, Hong Kong; JPN, Japan; SKR, South Korea; TUR, Turkey; BRA, Brazil; TAI, Thailand; TAW, Taiwan. The scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per site.
![jvs-19-271-g003](/upload/SynapseData/ArticleImage/0118jvs/jvs-19-271-g003.jpg)
Fig. 4
Comparison of complete genome and VP1 sequences of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viral strains closely related to O/SKR/Dec/2014. (A) Nucleotide similarity in FMD viral strains closely related to O/SKR/Dec/2014. (B) Amino acid similarity in FMD viral strains closely related to O/SKR/Dec/2014. (C) Nucleotide similarity between vaccine prototypes and O/SKR/Dec/2014. (D) Amino acid similarity between vaccine prototypes and O/SKR/Dec/2014. (E) Similarity between VP1 nucleotides and amino acids in the coding sequences of vaccine prototypes or wild type strains compared with O/SKR/Dec/2014. The National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank accession number for the virus strain is as follows: O BFS (AY593816). ME-SA, Middle East and South Asia; SEA, South-East Asia.
![jvs-19-271-g004](/upload/SynapseData/ArticleImage/0118jvs/jvs-19-271-g004.jpg)
Fig. 5
Comparison of unique foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viral strain sequences closely related to O/SKR/Dec/2014. (A) Alignment of 5′ non-coding region (NCR) among Korean isolates since 2010. The rectangular box represents the deleted region in the 5′ NCR downstream of the poly-C region. (B) Alignment of VP1 sequence among Korean isolates since 2010 and vaccine prototypes. The rectangular box represents the unique region in the matching sequences. National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank accession numbers for the virus strains are as follows: O/SKR/Apr/2010 (HM143846.1), O/SKR/Nov/2010 (KR401159.1), O/SKR/Dec/2014 (KX162590.1), O/SKR/Jul/2014 (kvcc.hahis.go.kr), O1 Mansia (AY593823.1), O/TAI/Ban/60 (KM243030.1), O TAW 97 (AY593835.1), O1 Campos (AJ320488.1), O/GZ-MT/CHA/2013 (KJ646655).
![jvs-19-271-g005](/upload/SynapseData/ArticleImage/0118jvs/jvs-19-271-g005.jpg)
Table 1
Summary of foot-and-mouth disease infection between December 2014 and April 2015 in Korea
![jvs-19-271-i001](/upload/SynapseData/ArticleImage/0118jvs/jvs-19-271-i001.jpg)
FMD, foot-and-mouth disease; SP, structural proteins; NSP, nonstructural proteins; CB, Chungbuk; CN, Chungnam; GG, Gyeonggi; GB, Gyenogbuk; GW, Gangwon; SJ, Sejong city; IC, Incheon city; GN, Gyenognam; ND, not done. *Diagnosis by real-time polymerase chain reaction, antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, or lateral-flow assay. †Percentage antibody prevalence (No. of positive/No. of tested). ‡Mean antibody prevalence (positive rate) in Korea, December 2014.
Table 2
Variability and limitation of application by vaccine matching of globally available vaccines for type O FMDV occurring in Korea during 2010–2014
![jvs-19-271-i002](/upload/SynapseData/ArticleImage/0118jvs/jvs-19-271-i002.jpg)
FMDV, foot-and-mouth disease virus; FMD, foot-and-mouth disease; SEA, South-East Asia; ME-SA, Middle East and South Asia; NA, not available; -, not tested. *Values were calculated by division between the viral titers (serum titer against viruses used for cross virus neutralization test/serum titer against vaccine viruses in the vaccination groups). †Tested by World Reference Laboratory for FMD (Pirbright Institute), UK except an indication note. ‡Tested by MSD Animal Health (FMD vaccine manufacturer). §Tested by Merial Boehringer Ingelheim (FMD vaccine manufacturer). ∥Tested by World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD (ARRIAH), Russia. ¶Tested by OIE Reference Laboratory for FMD (SENASA), Argentina.
Acknowledgments
References
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