PDF
ePub
Citation
Print
In USA, organic dairy producers must follow strict guidelines prohibiting the use of antibiotics to animals that are considered to be organic [9]. Conventionally managed dairy herds proceed through a full year of transition before being certified organic and during this transition year must follow all guidelines required of organic dairy herds. Reduced use of antibiotics is related with a reduction in the amount of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria [4,7]. Lowering the number of pathogens resistant to antibiotics is a global concern in the animal livestock industry [1]. The purpose of this study was to determine changes in intramammary infection (IMI) prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in mastitis pathogens isolated at the end of lactation and at parturition. Two herds in their last year of conventional dairy production, during their transition year, and during their first year of organic production, were studied. During the conventional period, cows with clinical mastitis received a commercial lactating cow intramammary product with pirlimycin hydrochloride (Pfizer Animal Health, USA). Non-lactating cow intramammary products of cephapirin sodium or dihydrostreptomycin sulfate and penicillin G procaine or novobiocin sodium and penicillin G procaine (Pfizer Animal Health, USA) were used. Composite milk samples were aseptically collected from cows at the end of lactation and within 1 day of parturition, and from cows with clinical mastitis, during all three years. Milk was cultured on blood agar plates and mastitis pathogens identified [6] as summarized in Table 1. IMI was determined using guidelines as described [2]. Antibiotic resistance testing was as described [2]. Interpretation of zone diameter was carried out according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines [10]. Some isolates lost viability during storage. Five and 14 coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) isolates from cows in the transition and organic periods, respectively, were not recoverable after storage. Statistical analysis included: Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square analysis, Wilcoxin Rank Sum test and the Kruskal-Wallis test for pair-wise comparisons (ver. 8.0; SAS, USA).
At parturition, there was a decrease in the percentage of cows free of IMI as herds transitioned to the organic management period compared to the conventional period (p = 0.006, Table 1). However, the percentage of non-infected cows at dry-off was not significantly different (p = 0.445, Table 1). The most prevalent pathogen type that caused IMI was CNS, followed by Streptococcus spp. other than Streptococcus agalactiae at parturition and dry-off (Table 1). The prevalence of Staphylococcus (S.) aureus IMI did not change significantly as herds transitioned from conventional management to organic certification (Table 1). Only six cases of coliform mastitis were detected during the 3-year study, and two of them were isolated from clinical mastitis. There was a significant increase in zone diameter around the ampicillin, cephalothin, cloxacillin, and penicillin discs for CNS according to the period (conventional vs. transition vs. organic phase) (p < 0.05, Table 2). However, there were no significant changes in the sensitivity patterns of the antibiotics to Streptococcus spp. and S. aureus (Table 2). Antibiotic resistance of the coliforms was not analyzed due to the low infection rate. The percentage of CNS isolates deemed resistant to β-lactam antibiotics decreased from the conventional period compared to the organic period.
The percentage of cows displaying IMI at parturition was significantly greater during the transition (61.8%) and organic periods (69.8%) than that during the conventional period (47.0%) (Table 1). This increase in IMI during the transition and organic periods was attributed to the cessation of dry cow antibiotic therapy as such therapy reduces the frequency of IMI at parturition [3]. This means that IMI at parturition has a tendency to be spontaneously cured during lactation, consistent with a report [8]. However, the frequency of IMI at dry-off did not differ between the study periods (conventional, transition, and organic; Table 1). In this study, dry cow antibiotic therapy in the conventional period was not significantly effective in lowering the IMI rate compared to organic management during the dry period. Only at parturition, antibiotic therapy seemed to be effective in lowering the IMI rate from the conventional to organic periods. A significant change in β-lactam mean zone diameters was noted for the CNS isolates in the organic period compared to those in the conventional and transition periods (Table 2). On the other hand, changes in the zone diameters for S. aureus and Streptococcus spp. were not significant. The isolation rate of S. aureus and Streptococcus spp. was relatively small, and the variation was large. Moreover, the percentage of CNS isolates deemed resistant to β-lactam antibiotics was highest during the conventional as opposed to organic period. Studies [4,5,7] have reported that CNS strains isolated from organic herds are less resistant than those from conventional herds. As β-lactams are historically the primary group of antibiotics used in both dairies, cessation of β-lactam use should lead to the establishment of pathogen clones that are less resistant to these antibiotics.
In conclusion, this is the first study documenting a change in antibiotic resistance that occurs during the longitudinal transition from conventional to organic management. In this study, the decreased β-lactam resistance rate of CNS paralleled the discontinuation of the use of β-lactam antibiotics. The aggregate results of this longitudinal study as well as other cohort studies comparing cows managed conventionally vs. organically suggest that cessation of the use of antibiotics in a dairy farm transitioning to organic management would decrease the number of antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
XML Download