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Ahn, Cho, Nam, Han, Chung, and Kim: The Location of the Modiolus in Living Korean
Original Article

Korean J Phys Anthropol 2013;26(4):141-146.

Published online: 20 April 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.11637/kjpa.2013.26.4.141

The Location of the Modiolus in Living Korean

Hee-Jun Ahn1, Ho-Jung Cho1, Yong-Seok Nam1, Seung-Ho Han2, In-Hyuk Chung1, In-Beom Kim1

1Department of Anatomy∙ Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea

2Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung Ang University

Correspondence to: In-Beom Kim (Department of Anatomy Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea) E-mail: ibkimmd@catholic.ac.kr

Copyright © 2013 Korean Association of Physical Anthropologists

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Modiolus is convergence of the facial muscles at the angle of the mouth, and its shape and size varying with individual, age, sex and ethnicity. In the previous study, the modiolus was usually located under the horizontal line at the mouth angle. In most medical schools, the cadavers are of later ages and their facial muscles have lost their elasticity as they got older. The purpose of this study is to identify the location of the modiolus in live young Korean and to compare it with that of Korean cadavers from the previous study. Participants were one hundred students of the catholic medical school with a mean age of 24 years. Experi-menter palpated the modiolus of each student with thumb and index finger. The average young live Korean modiolus was located at 14.4mm lateral to mouth angle and 1.6mm below the horizontal line of the mouth angle. Commonly, it is located below the mouth angle in 124 sides(62%). There was difference between horizontal distance of female and of male, and vertical distance of right and of left. The location of the modiouls was symmetric in 67%. These results were consistent with the previous study using Korean cadavers. Therefore these results suggest that the location of the modiolus is below to the mouth angle in large number of Koreans.

Keywords: Modiolus, Facial muscles

References

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Fig. 1.
The location of the modiolus in living young Korean. Type I (�): modiolus is horizontal line to the mouth angle, Type II (▲): modiolus is above to the mouth angle, Type III(●): modiolus is below to the mouth angle.
kjpa-26-141f1.tif
Fig. 2.
The type of smile according to Rubin(1974). (A) “Mona Lisa” smile, (B) “canine” smile, (C) “full denture” smile.
kjpa-26-141f2.tif
Fig. 3.
The location change of the modiolus according to expression (sex: male, age: 23, (A) absence of expression, (B) pull the mouth angle up, (C) pull the mouth angle down (D) pull the mouth angle both side).
kjpa-26-141f3.tif
Table 1.
The location of the modilous from the mouth angle in living Korean(mean±SD, unit: mm, ∗P⁄0.05)
  Horizontal distance Vertical distance
Male 14.8±2.2∗ –1.3±2.2
Female 13.8±2.2∗ –1.9±1.7
Right 14.5±2.5 –1.3±1.9∗
Left 14.4±2.1 –1.9±2.1∗
Total 14.4±2.3 –1.6±2.1
Table 2.
The type of location of the modiolus according to Shi-mada and Gasser method(1989)
  Mean age Type I Type II Type III
Living Korean(n=200)(This study, 2011) 24 (21∼29) 27.0% 11.0% 62.0%
Korean cadaver(n=77)(Hu et al., 2005) 63 (38∼84) 26.0% 15.6% 58.4%
Japanese cadaver(n=193)(Shimada and Gasser, 1989) – 15.0% 39.9% 45.1%
Caucasian(n=86)(Shimada and Gasser, 1989) – 19.8% 44.2% 36.0%
African Negroid(n=82)(Greyling and Meiring, 1992) – 68.3% 20.8% 10.9%

Type I: modiolus is horizontal line to the mouth angle, Type II: modiolus is above to the mouth angle, Type III: modiolus is below to the mouth angle.

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