Journal List > Korean J Community Nutr > v.22(6) > 1038607

An, Choi, Lee, Lee, and Kim: Comparison of Physical Activity Level, Physical Activity Pattern and Energy Expenditure in Male and Female Elementary School Soccer Players using Accelerometer and Physical Activity Diary

Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to compare the physical activity level (PAL), the physical activity pattern and the energy expenditure in male and female elementary school soccer players using the accelerometer and the physical activity diary.

Methods

Twenty-five (male 11, female 14) elementary school soccer players (9–12 years) participated in this study. During their daily activities, they wore an accelerometer for seven days (five weekdays and two weekend days) and completed the physical activity diary for three days (two weekdays and one weekend day). PAL was calculated by using the physical activity diary and three equations (Pate Preschool, Freedson Children, and Freedson) were used to calculate the intensity of physical activity and energy expenditure from the counts of accelerometer.

Results

The average of physical activity by day of the week, CPM (Counts Per Minute) and METs (Metabolic Equivalents) were significantly higher in males (723.3 ± 149.2 CPM, 2.07 ± 0.18 METs) compared to females (505.6 ± 119.9 CPM, 1.79 ± 0.20 METs), but there was no significant difference in PAEE (Physical Activity Energy Expenditure) between the two groups (males: 15.5 ± 9.1 kcal/day, females: 11.5 ± 6.0 kcal/day). During weekdays, physical activity intensity was significantly higher in males compared to females at lunch time and training time than at other times. In both genders, the PAL was higher during weekdays (males 1.98, females 1.89) compared to weekend (males 1.62, females 1.61) (p<0.05).

Conclusions

Our study observations suggest the necessity to develop an accelerometer equation for accurately evaluating the physical activity of elementary school athletes.

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

Daily (7:00–24:00 h) physical activity patterns of males and females, weekday and weekend using accelerometer. *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001 Significantly different between males and females by Mann-Whitney U test

kjcn-22-529-g001
Table 1

Anthropometric measurements of the study subjects

kjcn-22-529-i001

1) Mean±SD (Range)

*: p<0.05 Significantly different between males and females by Mann-Whitney U test

Table 2

Counts per min (CPM), physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and METs by time zone during weekday using accelerometer

kjcn-22-529-i002

1) Metabolic equivalents, 2) Mean±SD

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001 Significantly different between males and females in weekday by Mann-Whitney U test

abcd There were significant differences with different superscripts in a row among time zones

Table 3

Comparison of time spent of each activity between weekday and weekend using physical activity diary

kjcn-22-529-i003

1) Physical activity ratio expressed as multiples of basal metabolic rate (BMR), 2) Average of two weekdays(Tuesday and Thursday), 3) Sunday, 4) Mean±SD

: p<0.05, ††: p<0.01 Significantly different between weekday and weekend by Wilcoxon signed-rank test

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01 Significantly different between males and females by Mann-Whitney U test

Table 4

Physical activity level (PAL)1)and intensity classification of PAL2) using physical activity diary

kjcn-22-529-i004

1) PAL={Σ[Physical Activity Ratio(PAR) × time spent (min)]} / 1,440 (min)

2) Intensity classification of PAL by KDRI 2015: Sedentary 1.00–1.39; Low active 1.40–1.59; Active 1.60–1.89; Very active 1.90–2.50

3) Average of two weekdays(Tuesday and Thursday)

4) Sunday

5) Mean±SD

: p<0.05 Significantly different between weekday and weekend by Wilcoxon signed-rank test

There was no significant difference between males and females

Table 5

Comparison of weekday and weekend for the time spent of physical activity levels using accelerometer

kjcn-22-529-i005

1) Pate Preschool (2006): VO2 (ml/kg/min)=10.0714+0.02366 (counts/15 s)

2) Average of five weekdays (from Monday to Friday)

3) Average of two weekends (Saturday and Sunday)

4) PA: Physical activity

5) ( ): Distribution (%)

6) Sleeping and shower time were not included

7) MVPA: Moderate and vigorous physical activity (Moderate PA+Vigorous PA)

8) Mean±SD

: p<0.05, ††: p<0.01 Significantly different between weekday and weekend by Wilcoxon signed-rank test

**: p<0.01 Significantly different between males and females by Mann-Whitney U test

Table 6

Comparison of weekday and weekend for the time spent of physical activity levels using physical activity diary

kjcn-22-529-i006

1) Average of two weekdays (Tuesday and Thursday), 2) Sunday, 3) PA: Physical activity, 4) ( ): Distribution (%)

5) Sleeping and shower time were not included

6) Mean±SD

: p<0.05 Significantly different between weekday and weekend by Wilcoxon signed-rank test

Table 7

Comparison of the time spent on physical activity levels between accelerometer and physical activity diary (Unit: min/day)

kjcn-22-529-i007

1) Sleeping and shower time were not included in physical activity diary and accelerometer

2) The average of seven days from Monday to Sunday

3) The average of three days in Tuesday, Thursday and Sunday

4) PA: Physical activity

5) ( ): Distribution (%)

6) Mean±SD

: p<0.05, ††: p<0.01 Significantly different between physical activity diary and accelerometer by Wilcoxon signed-rank test

There was no significant difference between males and females

Table 8

Comparison of total energy expenditure (TEE) and estimated energy requirement (EER, individual PA)

kjcn-22-529-i008

1) The average during a week from Monday to Sunday

2) The average of three days in Tuesday, Thursday and Sunday

3) Mean±SD

: p<0.05, ††: p<0.01 Significantly different between TEE and EER by Wilcoxon signed-rank

*: p<0.05 Significantly different between males and females by Mann-Whitney

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the scholarship of full-time graduate student at Gangneung-Wonju National University.

References

1. Baranauskas M, Stukas R, Tubelis L, Zagminas K, Surkiene G, Svedas E. Nutritional habits among high-performance endurance athletes. Medicina (Kaunas). 2015; 51(6):351–362.
2. Position of the American dietetic association, dietitians of Canada, and the American college of sports medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000; 100(12):1543–1556.
3. Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics, dietitians of Canada, and the American college of sports medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016; 116(3):501–528.
4. Kim EK, Kim GS, Park JS. Comparison of activity factor, predicted resting metabolic rate and intakes of energy and nutrients between athletic and non-athletic high school students. J Korean Diet Assoc. 2009; 15(1):52–68.
5. Lee MC, Kim MH, Hong HO, Kim YS. A research for the recommended dietary allowances of Korean competitive athletes according to the different types of sports. J Exerc Nutr Biochem. 2000; 4(1):1–20.
6. Ministry of Health and Welfare. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans 2015. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare;2015. p. 26–60.
7. Cho SS. Opimal nutrition for sports and exercise. Korean J Community Nutr. 2002; 7(3):410–420.
8. Cheong SH, Sung H, Kim SK, Kim K, Cho M, Chang KJ. Eating behaviors, perception of body image, hematological indices and nutrient intake of adolescent female athletes in Incheon. Korean J Community Nutr. 2003; 8(6):951–963.
9. Chun YS, Kang SK, Cho HC, Kim JK, Lee KE, Kwon MS. A survey on the nutrient intake according to the training phase and resting phase of female judo players. J Korean Alliance Martial Arts. 2015; 17(1):31–40.
10. Kim JW, Yoo BW, So WY. The analysis of physical activity in sports events using accelerometer. Korean Soc Wellness. 2014; 9(4):209–218.
11. Lee MY. Criterion and convergent validity evidences of an accelerometer and a pedometer. Korean J Meas Eval Phys Educ Sports Sci. 2012; 14(2):1–13.
12. Park KM, Jung JH, Kim MK. Polices and strategies to increase physical activity in children and youth. J Korean Soc Study Phys Educ. 2013; 18(3):205–218.
13. Ndahimana D, Kim EK. Measurement methods for physical activity and energy expenditure: a review. Clin Nutr Res. 2017; 6(2):68–80.
14. Kim JY, Choi YJ, Ju MJ, Kim EK. Physical activity assessment of preschool children using accelerometer: including comparison of reintegrating counts of different epoch lengths. J Korean Diet Assoc. 2016; 22(3):214–224.
15. Hoos MB, Kuipers H, Gerver WJ, Westerterp KR. Physical activity pattern of children assessed by triaxial accelerometry. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004; 58(10):1425–1428.
16. Riddoch CJ, Bo Andersen L, Wedderkopp N, Harro M, Klasson-Heqqebø L, Sardinha LB. Physical activity levels and patterns of 9-and 15-yr-old European children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004; 36(1):86–92.
17. Riddoch CJ, Mattocks C, Deere K, Saunders J, Kirkby J, Tiling K. Objective measurement of levels and patterns of physical activity. Arch Dis Child. 2007; 92(11):963–969.
18. Telford RM, Telford RD, Cunningham RB, Cochrane T, Davey R, Waddington G. Longitudinal patterns of physical activity in children aged 8 to 12 years: the look study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013; 10(1):81–92.
19. Lee HM, Kim EK. Assessment of daily steps, physical activity and activity coefficient of the elementary school children in the rural area. Korean J Community Nutr. 2007; 12(3):361–371.
20. Chun HJ, Oh JS. The relationship of physical activities of elementary school students at different times during the daily using pedometer. J Korean Phys Educ Assoc Girls Women. 2007; 21(6):37–47.
21. Lee YS, Jeon HJ, Kim HJ. Assessment of physical activity on weekdays and weekend for obesity children in elementary school. Korean J Elem Phys Educ. 2015; 21(3):75–83.
22. Rodriguez G, Beghin L, Michaud L, Moreno LA, Turck D, Gottrand F. Comparison of the TriTrac-R3D accelerometer and a self-report activity diary with heart-rate monitoring for the assessment of energy expenditure in children. Br J Nutr. 2002; 87(6):623–631.
23. Martinez-Gomez D, Puertollano MA, Warnberg J, Calabro MA, Welk GJ, Siostrom M. Comparison of the ActiGraph accelerometer and Bouchard diary to estimate energy expenditure in Spanish adolescents. Nutr Hosp. 2009; 24(6):701–710.
24. Shiroma EJ, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Rimm EB, Lee IM. Comparison of self-reported and accelerometer-assessed physical activity in older women. PLoS One. 2015; 10(12):e0145950.
25. Choi SJ, An HS, Lee MR, Lee JS, Kim EK. Accuracy of accelerometer for prediction of selected activities' energy expenditure and activity intensity in athletic elementary school children. Korean J Community Nutr. 2017; 22(5):413–425.
26. Pate RR, Almeida MJ, McIver KL, Pfeiffer KA, Dowda M. Validation and calibration of an accelerometer in preschool children. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006; 14(11):2000–2006.
27. Freedson PS, Melanson E, Sirard J. Calibration of the computer science and applications, Inc. accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998; 30(5):777–781.
28. Freedson P, Pober D, Janz KF. Calibration of accelerometer output for children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005; 37(11):S523–S530.
29. Yoon JS, Kim KJ, Kim JH, Park YS, Koo JO. A study to determine the recommended dietary allowance of energy and to develop practical dietary education program for Korean adults. Keimyung University, Ministry of Health and Welfare;2002. p. 93–121.
30. Ekelund U, Sjöström M, Yngve A, Poortvliet E, Nilsson A, Froberg K. Physical activity assessed by activity monitor and doubly labeled water in children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001; 33(2):275–281.
31. Shin HM, Jeon JH, Kim EK. Assessment of pedometer counts, physical activity level, energy expenditure, and energy balance of weekdays and weekend in male high school students. J Korean Diet Assoc. 2016; 22(2):131–142.
32. Kim EK, Kim EK, Song JM, Choi HJ, Lee GH. Assessment of activity coefficient, resting energy expenditure and daily energy expenditure in elementary school children. J Korean Diet Assoc. 2006; 12(1):44–54.
33. Kim EK, Lee SH, Ko SY, Yeon SE, Choe JS. Assessment of physical activity level of Korean farmers to establish estimated energy requirements during busy farming season. Korean J Community Nutr. 2011; 16(6):751–761.
34. Lee MY. Validity evidences and validation procedures of objective physical activity measures. Korean J Meas Eval Phys Educ Sports Sci. 2011; 13(2):17–37.
35. Kim JH, Son HR, Choi JS, Kim EK. Energy expenditure measurement of various physical activity and correlation analysis of body weight and energy expenditure in elementary school children. J Nutr Health. 2015; 48(2):180–191.
36. Kim MH, Kim EK. Physical activity level, total daily energy expenditure, and estimated energy expenditure in normal weight and overweight or obese children and adolescents. Korean J Nutr. 2012; 45(6):511–521.
37. Bandini LG, Lividini K, Phillips SM, Must A. Accuracy of dietary reference intakes for determining energy requirements in girls. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013; 98(3):700–704.
TOOLS
ORCID iDs

Eun-Kyung Kim
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1292-7586

Similar articles