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An, Choi, Lee, Lee, and Kim: Comparison of Physical Activity Level, Physical Activity Pattern and Energy Expenditure in Male and Female Elementary School Soccer Players using Accelerometer and Physical Activity Diary
Research Article

Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2017; 22(6): 529-542.

Published online: 31 December 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.6.529

Comparison of Physical Activity Level, Physical Activity Pattern and Energy Expenditure in Male and Female Elementary School Soccer Players using Accelerometer and Physical Activity Diary

Hae-Sun An, Su-Ji Choi, Mo-Ran Lee, Jung-Sook Lee, Eun-Kyung Kim

Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea.

Corresponding author: Eun-Kyung Kim. Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea. Tel: (033) 640-2336, Fax: (033) 640-2330, ekkim@gwnu.ac.kr

Received 20 November 2017       Revised 24 December 2017       Accepted 24 December 2017

Copyright © 2017 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

(open-access):

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to compare the physical activity level (PAL), the physical activity pattern and the energy expenditure in male and female elementary school soccer players using the accelerometer and the physical activity diary.

Methods

Twenty-five (male 11, female 14) elementary school soccer players (9–12 years) participated in this study. During their daily activities, they wore an accelerometer for seven days (five weekdays and two weekend days) and completed the physical activity diary for three days (two weekdays and one weekend day). PAL was calculated by using the physical activity diary and three equations (Pate Preschool, Freedson Children, and Freedson) were used to calculate the intensity of physical activity and energy expenditure from the counts of accelerometer.

Results

The average of physical activity by day of the week, CPM (Counts Per Minute) and METs (Metabolic Equivalents) were significantly higher in males (723.3 ± 149.2 CPM, 2.07 ± 0.18 METs) compared to females (505.6 ± 119.9 CPM, 1.79 ± 0.20 METs), but there was no significant difference in PAEE (Physical Activity Energy Expenditure) between the two groups (males: 15.5 ± 9.1 kcal/day, females: 11.5 ± 6.0 kcal/day). During weekdays, physical activity intensity was significantly higher in males compared to females at lunch time and training time than at other times. In both genders, the PAL was higher during weekdays (males 1.98, females 1.89) compared to weekend (males 1.62, females 1.61) (p<0.05).

Conclusions

Our study observations suggest the necessity to develop an accelerometer equation for accurately evaluating the physical activity of elementary school athletes.

Keywords: physical activity, accelerometer, elementary school children, soccer players

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

Daily (7:00–24:00 h) physical activity patterns of males and females, weekday and weekend using accelerometer. *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001 Significantly different between males and females by Mann-Whitney U test

kjcn-22-529-g001
Table 1

Anthropometric measurements of the study subjects

kjcn-22-529-i001

1) Mean±SD (Range)

*: p<0.05 Significantly different between males and females by Mann-Whitney U test

Table 2

Counts per min (CPM), physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and METs by time zone during weekday using accelerometer

kjcn-22-529-i002

1) Metabolic equivalents, 2) Mean±SD

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001 Significantly different between males and females in weekday by Mann-Whitney U test

abcd There were significant differences with different superscripts in a row among time zones

Table 3

Comparison of time spent of each activity between weekday and weekend using physical activity diary

kjcn-22-529-i003

1) Physical activity ratio expressed as multiples of basal metabolic rate (BMR), 2) Average of two weekdays(Tuesday and Thursday), 3) Sunday, 4) Mean±SD

†: p<0.05, ††: p<0.01 Significantly different between weekday and weekend by Wilcoxon signed-rank test

*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01 Significantly different between males and females by Mann-Whitney U test

Table 4

Physical activity level (PAL)1)and intensity classification of PAL2) using physical activity diary

kjcn-22-529-i004

1) PAL={Σ[Physical Activity Ratio(PAR) × time spent (min)]} / 1,440 (min)

2) Intensity classification of PAL by KDRI 2015: Sedentary 1.00–1.39; Low active 1.40–1.59; Active 1.60–1.89; Very active 1.90–2.50

3) Average of two weekdays(Tuesday and Thursday)

4) Sunday

5) Mean±SD

†: p<0.05 Significantly different between weekday and weekend by Wilcoxon signed-rank test

There was no significant difference between males and females

Table 5

Comparison of weekday and weekend for the time spent of physical activity levels using accelerometer

kjcn-22-529-i005

1) Pate Preschool (2006): VO2 (ml/kg/min)=10.0714+0.02366 (counts/15 s)

2) Average of five weekdays (from Monday to Friday)

3) Average of two weekends (Saturday and Sunday)

4) PA: Physical activity

5) ( ): Distribution (%)

6) Sleeping and shower time were not included

7) MVPA: Moderate and vigorous physical activity (Moderate PA+Vigorous PA)

8) Mean±SD

†: p<0.05, ††: p<0.01 Significantly different between weekday and weekend by Wilcoxon signed-rank test

**: p<0.01 Significantly different between males and females by Mann-Whitney U test

Table 6

Comparison of weekday and weekend for the time spent of physical activity levels using physical activity diary

kjcn-22-529-i006

1) Average of two weekdays (Tuesday and Thursday), 2) Sunday, 3) PA: Physical activity, 4) ( ): Distribution (%)

5) Sleeping and shower time were not included

6) Mean±SD

†: p<0.05 Significantly different between weekday and weekend by Wilcoxon signed-rank test

Table 7

Comparison of the time spent on physical activity levels between accelerometer and physical activity diary (Unit: min/day)

kjcn-22-529-i007

1) Sleeping and shower time were not included in physical activity diary and accelerometer

2) The average of seven days from Monday to Sunday

3) The average of three days in Tuesday, Thursday and Sunday

4) PA: Physical activity

5) ( ): Distribution (%)

6) Mean±SD

†: p<0.05, ††: p<0.01 Significantly different between physical activity diary and accelerometer by Wilcoxon signed-rank test

There was no significant difference between males and females

Table 8

Comparison of total energy expenditure (TEE) and estimated energy requirement (EER, individual PA)

kjcn-22-529-i008

1) The average during a week from Monday to Sunday

2) The average of three days in Tuesday, Thursday and Sunday

3) Mean±SD

†: p<0.05, ††: p<0.01 Significantly different between TEE and EER by Wilcoxon signed-rank

*: p<0.05 Significantly different between males and females by Mann-Whitney

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the scholarship of full-time graduate student at Gangneung-Wonju National University.

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ORCID iDs

Eun-Kyung Kim
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1292-7586

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