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Dennis, Kang, and Han: Relation between Beverage Consumption Pattern and Metabolic Syndrome among Healthy Korean Adults
Research Article

Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2017; 22(5): 441-455.

Published online: 31 October 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.5.441

Relation between Beverage Consumption Pattern and Metabolic Syndrome among Healthy Korean Adults

Eun Ju Dennis1, Minji Kang2, Sung Nim Han1, 3

1Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.

2Center for Gendered Innovations in Science and Technology Researches, Korea Federation of Women's Science & Technology Associations, Seoul, Korea.

3Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author: Sung Nim Han. Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea. Tel: (02) 880-6836, Fax: (02) 884-0305, snhan@snu.ac.kr

Received 23 October 2017       Revised 29 October 2017       Accepted 29 October 2017

Copyright © 2017 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

(open-access):

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to describe beverage patterns among healthy Korean adults and investigate their association with prevalence and components of metabolic syndrome.

Methods

Subjects consisted of 6,927 Korean adults, aged 19-64 years in the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2013-2015). Beverages were regrouped into twelve groups based on food codes and beverage intake (g/day) was assessed by 24-hour recall. Factor analysis was used to obtain beverage patterns. Waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) were used as anthropometric data; fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), and blood pressure were used as biochemical indicators. The odds ratio (OR) for prevalence of metabolic syndrome and components of metabolic syndrome was assessed using logistic regression analysis.

Results

Three beverage patterns were identified using factor analysis: 1) carbonated soft drinks 2) coffee (without added sugar or powdered creamer), and 3) alcoholic beverages. Subjects with high scores for the carbonated soft drink and coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer patterns were younger and subjects with high scores for the alcoholic beverage pattern were older. There were significant differences in gender distribution in all three beverage patterns, with men more likely to have high scores for carbonated soft drink and alcoholic beverage patterns. On the other hand, women were more likely to have higher scores for coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer pattern. Within each pattern, there were significant differences in sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics such as education, household income, frequency of eating out, and smoking status according to the quartile of pattern scores. Alcoholic beverages and carbonated soft drinks patterns were associated with an increased levels of metabolic syndrome components, but coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer was not associated with any of metabolic syndrome components in healthy Korean adults after adjusting for age, sex, education, BMI, weight management, household income, smoking status, frequency of eating out, and energy intake.

Conclusions

Alcoholic beverages and carbonated soft drinks patterns are associated with increased levels of metabolic syndrome components while coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer pattern is not associated with any of metabolic syndrome components in healthy Korean adults.

Keywords: beverage pattern, metabolic syndrome, Korean adults

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Beverage groups

kjcn-22-441-i001
Table 2

Factor loading matric for the three beverage patterns in Korean adults aged 19-64 years (n = 6,927)

kjcn-22-441-i002
Table 3

Sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, and BMI of Korean adults according to the quartile (Q) categories of beverage pattern scores

kjcn-22-441-i003

1) Values are Mean±SD and calculated using GLM

2) Values are percentages and tested by chi square-test

Table 4

Macronutrient intakes of Korean adults according to the quartile (Q) categories of beverage pattern scores

kjcn-22-441-i004

1) Values are Mean ± SD and calculated using GLM, data are adjusted for age, sex, education, BMI, weight management, household income, smoking status, frequency of eatingout, energy intake

Table 5

Vitamin and mineral intakes of Korean adults according to the quartile (Q) categories of beverage pattern scores

kjcn-22-441-i005

1) Values are Mean±SD and calculated using GLM, data are adjusted for age, sex, education, BMI, weight management, household income, smoking status, frequency of eating out, energy intake

Table 6

Odd Ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for metabolic syndrome components across quartile (Q) categories of beverage pattern scores

kjcn-22-441-i006

1) Adjusted for age, sex, education, BMI, weight management, household income, smoking status, frequency of eating out, energy intake

2) Calculated using the Logistic Regression model

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ORCID iDs

Sung Nim Han
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0647-2992

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