Journal List > Korean J Community Nutr > v.20(3) > 1038502

TOOLS
Kang, Her, and Lee: The relationship between Physical Growth and Major Sources of Serum Vitamin D among Hospitalized Children of Changwon City
Research Article

Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2015; 20(3): 197-207.

Published online: 30 June 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.3.197

The relationship between Physical Growth and Major Sources of Serum Vitamin D among Hospitalized Children of Changwon City

Haeyoung Kang1, Eunsil Her2, Kyung-Hea Lee1

1Department of Food and Nutrition, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea.

2Department of Food and Nutriton, Changshin University, Changwon, Korea.

Corresponding author: Kyung-Hea Lee. Department of food and nutrition, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro, Uichanggu, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do 641-773, Korea. Tel: (055) 213-3514, Fax: (055) 281-7480, khl@changwon.ac.kr

Received 26 May 2015       Revised 26 June 2015       Accepted 26 June 2015

Copyright © 2015 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

(open-access):

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the sources of vitamin D (duration of exposure to sunlight, intake of major food sources for vitamin D or vitamin D supplements) on the serum 25-(OH) D3 levels, and the physical growth of a child.

Methods

Subjects were 296 children aged 1 to 5 years who visited S hospital located in Changwon City. Survey data collection was carried out by direct interview method, and the biochemical data were collected using hospital records.

Results

The study subjects were divided into three groups according to their levels of serum 25-(OH) D3 (deficient, relatively insufficient, sufficient) and their percentage were 48.3%, 44.3% and 7.4% respectively. The average concentration of serum 25-(OH) D3 was 20.41 ± 6.55 ng/mL, which was relatively insufficient. The average duration of exposure to sunlight was 58.86 ± 49.18 minutes/day. A total score of vitamin D major food sources was 46.71 points (full marks 153), and the most frequently consumed food items were milk, eggs, and cheese. Thirty-four percent of the subjects took vitamin D supplements and their dose were 11.96 µg/day. Three vitamin D sources in sufficient group were higher than deficient or relatively insufficient group significantly. Intake of vitamin D supplements showed positive relation (+) and high explanation power (R2= 0.288) on serum 25-(OH) D3 concentration, but intake of vitamin D major food sources (+) and the duration of exposure to sunlight (+) had a low explanation power (R2= 0.068). The relations between serum 25-(OH) D3 concentration and physical growth (height and weight) were shown as negative (??, and their explanation powers were low as 7.3% and 5.9% respectively.

Conclusions

This study results can be useful when discussing the intake standard of vitamin D and the effective intake method for children. In addition, it will be helpful to build the children's nutrition policy and to plan the nutrition education program to improve the vitamin D status in children.

Keywords: children, vitamin D sources, serum 25-(OH) D3 levels, physical growth

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Distribution of independent variables

kjcn-20-197-i001

1) Range

Table 2

The general characteristics of the subjects by serum 25-(OH) D3 levels

kjcn-20-197-i002

1) N (%)

2) Mean ± SD

ab: Means with different letters are significantly different at a=0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

*: p < 0.05, ***: p < 0.001

Table 3

Comparison of the duration of exposure to sunlight and methods of ultraviolet block by the serum 25-(OH) D3 levels

kjcn-20-197-i003

1) Mean ± SD

2) N (%)

3) Multiple responses

ab: Means with different letters are significantly different at a=0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

**: p < 0.01

Table 4

Intake frequency scores of vitamin D food sources by serum 25-(OH) D3 levels

kjcn-20-197-i004

1) Mean ± SD

ab: Means with different letters are significantly different at α=0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

**: p < 0.01

Table 5

Comparison of intake of vitamin D supplements and their daily dose by serum 25-(OH) D3 levels

kjcn-20-197-i005

1) N (%)

2) Mean ± SD

3) Range

ab: Means with different letters are significantly different at α=0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

***: p < 0.001

Table 6

Regression analysis of the influence of vitamin D sources on serum 25-(OH) D3 concentrations

kjcn-20-197-i006

1) Standard error

*: p < 0.05, ***: p < 0.001

Table 7

Comparison of physical growth characteristics by serum 25-(OH) D3 levels

kjcn-20-197-i007

1) Mean ± SD

ab: Means with different letters are significantly different at α=0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

***: p < 0.001

Table 8

Regression analysis of influence of the serum 25-(OH) D3 concentration on height and body weight

kjcn-20-197-i008

1) Standard error

***: p < 0.001

Table 9

Regression analysis of the influence of age on height, body weight and serum 25-(OH) D3 concentrations

kjcn-20-197-i009

1) Standard error

***: p < 0.001

References

1. Ahn HS, Um SS. Dietary intakes of infants and young children in Seoul area. J Korean Soc Matern Child Health. 2003; 7(2):179–191.
2. Lee HJ, Kim YA, Lee HS. The estimated dietary fiber intake of Korean by age and sex. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr. 2006; 35(9):1207–1214.
3. Pyo SH, Kang HJ. A study on the actual state of nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude, eating behavior, physical ability and locomotion of children aged 5 years in Siheung-city. Korean J Food Nutr. 2014; 27(5):760–770.
4. Choi MJ. Bone health and calcium, vitamin D, potassium: shortfall nutrients in Korean. Korean J Obes. 2013; 22(3):129–136.
5. Yu A, Yang YJ, Jeong SR, Kim JH, Kim YJ, Kwon OR. Calcium intakes in Korean and American populations. J Korean Diet Assoc. 2013; 19(1):46–58.
6. James LG, Sareen SG. Advanced nutrition and human metabolism. 3rd ed. California: Wadsworth;1999. p. 373.
7. Chung YS, Yoo BW, Oh JE, Lee DC, Lee HS, Cho CY. The relationship between vitamin D levels and chronic diseases. Korean J Clin Geriatr. 2010; 11(2):154–169.
8. Shin MY, Kwun IS. Vitamin D revolution: Is it a vitamin or a hormone? Food Ind Nutr. 2012; 17(2):1–6.
9. Yang HR, Seo JW, Kim YJ, Kim JY, Ryoo E, Sim JG. Recent concepts on vitamin D in children and adolescents. Korean J Pediatr. 2009; 52(10):1082–1089.
10. Na B, No SJ, Kim MJ, Han HS, Jeong EH, Han YH. Nutritional status of vitamin D in Korean mothers and their newborn infants. Korean J Perinatol. 2007; 18(4):399–406.
11. Park Y. Vitamin D and atopic dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Respir Dis. 2013; 1(3):197–202.
12. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96(7):1911–1930.
13. Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the institute of medicine: What clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96(1):53–58.
14. Yu A, Kim JH, Kwon OR, Oh SY, Kim JH, Yang YJ. Associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and consumption frequencies of vitamin D rich foods in Korean adults and older adults. Korean J Community Nutr. 2014; 19(2):122–132.
15. Kim SN, Kim SH. A survey on use of vitamin, mineral supplements by children in Daejeon city and Chungcheong province in Korea. Korean J Food Cult. 2010; 25(2):117–125.
16. Lee HS, Han JH, Kim SH. A survey on the consumption of vitamin and mineral supplements as health functional foods and related factors by Korean adolescents. Korean J Food Cult. 2013; 28(4):415–423.
17. Ministry of food and drug safety. Food and nutrient data system [Internet]. 2015. cited 2015 Mar 23. Available from: http://www.foodnara.go.kr/kisna/index.do/.
18. The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intake for Korean. 2nd ed. Seoul: The Korean Nutrition Society;2010. p. 165–178.
19. Kim YJ, Moon MS, Yang YJ, Kwon OR. Relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and the risks of metabolic syndrome in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Korean J Nutr. 2012; 45(1):20–29.
20. Ronni C. Geriatric nutrition : A health professional's handbook. 4th ed. America: Jones & Bartlett Publishers;2013. p. 39–43.
21. Yoo HN. Related factors of vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents - based on Korea National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey V, (KNHANES) ??[master's thesis]. Hanyang University;2013.
22. Yoon JS, Song MK. Seasonal differences in outdoor activity time and serum 25-(OH) vitamin D status of Korean young women. Korean J Community Nutr. 2014; 19(3):231–240.
23. Kim YJ, Lee JS. Association of vitamin D status with acute lower respiratory infection in children. Pediatr Allergy Respir Dis. 2010; 20(3):173–178.
24. Baek JU, Hwangbo JW, Lee HR, Lee SY. Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with food sensitization in children under 2 years with atopic dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Respir Dis. 2013; 1(3):211–215.
25. Shin YH, Park JH, Sung MS, Kim SW. Correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and severity of atopic dermatitis in children. Allergy Asthma Respir Dis. 2014; 2(2):114–121.
26. Bedner M, Lippa KA, Tai SSC. An assessment of 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurements in comparability studies conducted by the Vitamin D Metabolites Quality Assurance Program. Clin Chim Acta. 2013; 426(15):6–11.
27. Kim HJ, Kim EH. Comparison of chemiluminescence immunoassay (CIA) and immunochromatography assay(ICA) for Detecting HBsAg and Anti-HBs. J Korea Acad Ind Coop Soc. 2013; 14(7):3419–3424.
28. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES -1) [Internet]. 2014. cited 2015 Mar 19. Available from: https://knhanes.cdc.go.kr/knhanes/index.do/.
29. National Academy of Agricultural Science. Functional ingredient list of food-Vitamin D [Internet]. 2015. cited 2015 Mar 23. Available from: http://koreanfood.rda.go.kr/.
30. Ministry of food and drug safety. Functional food-Vitamin D standard [Internet]. 2015. cited 2015 Mar 20. Available from: http://www.foodnara.go.kr/hfoodi/industry/.
31. Kwak MK, Kim JH. The radiative characteristics of EUV-B over the Korean peninsula and exposure time for synthesizing adequate vitamin D. Atmos. J Korean Meteorological Soc. 2011; 21(1):123–130.
32. Hyun HJ, Kim JH, Ko GY, Park BS, Choi EY, Ahn MH. The relationship among sun-screening agent use, bone health promotion behavior and bone mineral density of female college students. J Korean Biol Nurs Sci. 2013; 15(4):202–209.
33. Kim MY, Yoon CS. The research on the ultraviolet protector recognition of the adult and propensity to consume. J Beauty Ind. 2014; 8(1):63–84.
34. Kang JH. The relationship between vitamin D levels and extraskeletal disease [master's thesis]. Seoul National University;2013.
35. Shin ES, Kim EJ, You YE. A study on the spatial configuration and uses of kindergartens outdoor playground. Soonchunhyang J Hum. 2012; 31(2):200–228.
36. Choi HJ. New insight into the action of vitamin D. Korean J Fam Med. 2011; 32(2):89–96.
TOOLS
Similar articles