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Lim: A Study on the Calcium and Sodium Intakes and Urinary Calcium Excretion of Adults in Busan
Original Article

Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(2):215-226.

Published online: 18 January 2011

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14253/kjcn.2011.16.2.215

A Study on the Calcium and Sodium Intakes and Urinary Calcium Excretion of Adults in Busan

Hwa-Jae Lim†,

Department of Food and Nutrition, Dong-eui University, Busan, Korea

†Corresponding author: Hwa-Jae Lim, Department of Food and Nutrition, Dong-eui University, 995 Eomgwangno, Busanjin-gu, Busan 614-714, Korea Tel: (051) 890-1593, Fax: (051) 890-2646 E-mail: hjlim@deu.ac.kr

Copyright © 2011 Korean Ophthalmological Society

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to assess calcium and sodium intakes and urinary excretion of adults in Busan and to evaluate the relationship between urinary calcium excretion (UCa) and the status of anthropometric, blood pressure, urine analysis, and nutrient intake of subjects. Nutrient intake by 24 hr recall, 24 hr urinary calcium and sodium excretion (UNa) were measured with 87 adults aged 20-59 yrs (42 men and 45 women). The mean calcium intake was 88.0% for men and 103.0% for women of Recommended Intake. The mean sodium intake was 283.4% for men and 250.5% for women of Adequate Intake (AI). The mean 24hr UCa was 127.4 mg in men and 107.3 mg in women. The mean 24 hr UNa was 3650.6mg in men and 3276.4mg in women. The intake and urinary excretion of calcium and sodium were not significantly different by gender. UCa showed significantly positive correlations with sodium intake and UNa in men (p < 0.001, p < 0.05) and women (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) and with age, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and sodium density in women (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p<0.01). The UCa/creatinine showed significantly positive correlations with age, sodium intake, sodium density, and UNa in women (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01). When UCa was stratified into quartile (Q1-Q4), age, SBP, UCa, UNa, sodium intake, and AI percentage of sodium (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in Q4. The mean intake and AI percentage of sodium in Q4 were 4768.8mg and 329.0. Based on the results, UCa was related to age, SBP, UNa, and sodium intake. Therefore, nutritional education of decreasing sodium intake for decreasing UCa is needed. (Korean J Community Nutr 16(2) : 215~226, 2011)

Keywords: calcium and sodium intakes, urinary calcium and sodium excretion, men, women

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Table 1.
General characteristics of subjects
Characteristics Criteria Male Female
Age (yrs) 20 − 29 9 (821.4)1) 12 (826.7)
30 − 49 16 (838.1) 26 (857.8)
50 − 59 17 (840.5) 7 (815.6)
Total 42 (100.0) 45 (100.0)
Occupation Public official 12 (828.6) 11 (824.4)
Teacher 1 (882.4) 2 (884.4)
Company employee 4 (889.5) 5 (811.1)
Businessman 8 (819.0) 4 (888.9)
Student 7 (816.7) 8 (817.8)
Homemaker 1 (882.4) 5 (811.1)
Services 3 (887.1) 4 (810.8)
Inoccupation 4 (889.5) 3 (886.7)
Profession 1 (882.4) 1 (882.2)
Laborer 1 (882.4) 2 (884.4)
Education level Elementary school 2 (884.8) 1 (882.2)
Middle school 6 (814.3) 6 (813.3)
High school 9 (821.4) 10 (822.2)
Junior college 5 (811.9) 5 (811.1)
College 17 (840.5) 22 (848.9)
Graduate 3 (887.1) 1 (882.2)
Family income (10,000 won per month) 100 5 (811.9) 4 (888.9)
101 − 200 9 (821.4) 12 (826.7)
201 − 300 13 (831.0) 11 (824.4)
301 − 400 8 (819.1) 8 (817.8)
401 6 (814.3) 7 (815.6)
Unknown 1 (882.4) 3 (886.7)

1) N (%)

Table 2.
Anthropometric and blood pressure data of subjects
  Male Female Total
(n = 42) (n = 45) (N = 87)
Age (yrs) 642.0 ± 12.01) 638.2 ± 11.0 640.0 ± 11.6
Weight (kg)∗∗∗ 669.5 ± 68.3 656.9 ± 68.8 663.0 ± 10.6
Height (cm)∗∗∗ 171.3 ± 66.0 158.2 ±6 4.4 164.6 ± 68.4
BMI2) 623.7 ± 62.3 622.7 ± 63.2 623.2 ± 62.8
SBP (mmHg)3)∗∗∗ 124.9 ± 12.1 114.9 ± 11.6 119.7 ± 12.8
DBP (mmHg)4)∗∗ 678.6 ± 69.0 671.8 ± 10.1 675.1 ± 10.1

1) Mean ± SD 2) BMI = weight (kg)/height

2 (m

2 ) 3) SBP = systolic blood pressure 4) DBP = diastolic blood pressure

∗∗ ∗∗∗: significantly different at p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively by t-test

Table 3.
Mean daily nutrient intake of subjects
Nutrient Male (n = 42) Female (n = 45) Total (N = 87)
Energy (kcal) 2118.8 ± 682.91) (90.2)2) 1998.3 ± 687.5 (103.5) 2056.5 ± 684.0 (97.1)
Protein (g) 87.1 ± 32.1 (164.7)3) 78.6 ± 39.3 (170.5) 82.7 ± 36.0 (167.7)
Animal 45.9 ± 23.3 36.6 ± 21.4 41.1 ± 22.7
Plant 41.2 ± 16.7 42.0 ± 29.1 41.6 ± 23.8
Calcium (mg) 641.2 ± 325.4 (88.0)3) 677.7 ± 398.9 (103.0) 660.1 ± 363.7 (95.8)
Animal 290.0 ± 227.9 299.4 ± 248.5 294.9 ± 237.4
Plant 351.2 ± 168.1 378.3 ± 347.7 365.2 ± 274.8
Ca density (mg/1,000 kcal) 314.5 ± 128.8 338.6 ± 139.5 327.0 ± 134.2
Ca/weight (mg/kg)∗ 9.4 ± 4.9 12.1 ± 7.2 10.8 ± 6.3
Phosphorus (mg) 1230.5 ± 427.9 (175.8)3) 1150.6 ± 535.1 (164.4) 1189.1 ± 485.2 (169.9)
Ca/P ratio 0.5 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.2
Sodium (mg) 4136.7 ± 1186.2 (283.4)4) 3708.9 ± 1306.2 (250.5) 3915.4 ± 1260.9 (266.4)
Na density (mg/1,000 kcal) 2084.0 ± 707.4 1988.5 ± 764.3 2034.6 ± 734.7

1) Mean ± SD

2) Percent of Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) of 2010 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs)

3) Percent of Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) of 2010 KDRIs

4) Percent of Adequate Intake (AI) of 2010 KDRIs

∗ : significantly different at p < 0.05 by t-test

Table 4.
Mean daily urinary calcium and sodiuim excretion per 24hr urine of subjects
  Male (n = 42) Female (n = 45) Total (N = 87)
Urine volume (mL) 1409.3 ± 6646.11) 1222.5 ± 6397.5 1312.7 ± 6537.3
Creatinine (mg)∗∗∗ 1068.2 ± 6288.5 6734.2 ± 6177.5 6895.5 ± 6289.8
Ca (mg) 6127.4 ± 6664.0 6107.3 ± 6673.8 6117.0 ± 6669.6
% of total ca intake 6623.9 ± 6617.6 6620.1 ± 6617.3 6621.9 ± 6617.4
Ca/cr ratio (mg/mg) 6660.1 ± 6660.1 6660.1 ± 6660.1 6660.1 ± 6660.1
Ca/weight (mg/kg) 6661.8 ± 6660.9 6661.9 ± 6661.4 6661.9 ± 6661.1
Na (mg) 3650.6 ± 1526.4 3276.4 ± 1390.6 3457.0 ± 1422.4

1) Mean ± SD, ∗∗∗: significantly different at p < 0.001 by t-test

Table 5.
Correlation coefficients between urinary calcium excretion and the results of anthropometric, blood pressure and urine analysis
Variables Urinary calcium excretion Urinary ca/creatinine
Male Female Total Male Female Total
Age 0.064 0.370∗ 0.243∗ −0.173 −0.303∗ −0.209
Weight 0.267 0.048 0.200 0.001 0.132 0.166
Height 0.155 0.049 0.177 0.051 0.077 0.144
BMI1) 0.226 0.028 0.123 0.025 0.123 0.121
SBP2) 0.172 0.333∗ 0.292∗∗ 0.055 0.291 0.111
DBP3) 0.216 0.254 0.271∗ 0.268 0.225 0.162
Urinary creatinine excretion 0.540∗∗∗ 0.562∗∗∗ 0.507∗∗∗ 0.022 0.172 0.026
Urinary calcium excretion 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.823∗∗∗ 0.890∗∗∗ 0.810∗∗∗
Urinary ca/cr ratio 0.823∗∗∗ 0.890∗∗∗ 0.810∗∗∗ 1.000 1.000 1.000
Urinary ca/weight 0.971∗∗∗ 0.971∗∗∗ 0.945∗∗∗ 0.868∗∗∗ 0.922∗∗∗ 0.901∗∗∗
% of total ca intake 0.759∗∗∗ 0.690∗∗∗ 0.723∗∗∗ 0.498∗∗∗ 0.671∗∗∗ 0.559∗∗∗
Urinary sodium excretion 0.360∗ 0.621∗∗∗ 0.509∗∗∗ 0.135 0.455∗∗ 0.295∗∗

1) BMI = weight (kg)/height2 (m2),

2) SBP = systolic blood pressure,

3) DBP = diastolic blood pressure

∗ : p < 0.05, ∗∗: p < 0.01, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001

Table 6.
Correlation coefficients between urinary calcium excretion and nutrient intakes
Variables Urinary calcium excretion Urinary ca/creatinine
Male Female Total Male Female Total
Energy 0.213 0.043 0.130 0.150 0.036 0.015
Protein 0.235 0.097 0.166 0.249 0.043 0.085
Plant 0.143 0.057 0.004 0.177 0.092 0.023
Animal 0.221 0.255 0.260∗ 0.215 0.206 0.159
Phosphorus 0.187 0.056 0.004 0.233 0.006 0.053
Calcium 0.101 0.151 0.003 0.198 0.075 0.119
Plant 0.147 0.151 0.039 0.219 0.106 0.136
Animal 0.036 0.032 0.050 0.121 0.029 0.025
Ca density 0.107 0.092 0.006 0.094 0.079 0.096
Calcium /weight 0.061 0.125 0.067 0.213 0.092 0.157
Ca/P ratio 0.112 0.079 0.034 0.074 0.067 0.097
Sodium 0.484∗∗ 0.589∗∗∗ 0.556∗∗∗ 0.303 0.441∗∗ 0.347∗∗
Na density 0.260 0.404∗∗ 0.347∗∗∗ 0.140 0.413∗∗ 0.297∗∗

∗∗ : p < 0.01, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001

Table 7.
Mean anthropometric, blood pressure and urine analysis of subjects by quartile of urinary calcium excretion and urinary calcium excretion per milligram of creatinine
  Urinary calcium excretion Quartile Urinary ca/creatinine Quartile
Q1 (< 64.8) Q2 (64.8 ≤ < 99.0) Q3 (99.0 ≤ < 155.9) Q4 (155.9 ≤) Q1 (< 0.08) Q2 (0.08 ≤ < 0.12) Q3 (0.12 ≤ < 0.17) Q4 (0.17 ≤)
Age 40.0∗∗ab 34.2b 39.9ab 46.0a 5 39.8 36.5 39.5 44.4
Weight 55.9∗∗b 65.8a 66.2a 63.8a 61.1 66.4 64.6 59.8
Height 159.1∗∗b 166.6a 167.6a 164.8a 163.3 166.3 166.5 162.1
BMI1) 22.1 23.7 23.4 23.4 22.8 24.0 23.2 22.6
SBP2) 114.8∗c 116.2bc 123.0ab 124.7a 119.9 116.7 119.0 123.4
DBP3) 71.0∗∗b 71.7b 78.9a 78.5a 73.9 73.1 75.8 77.6
Urinary calcium excretion 43.5∗∗∗d 80.8c 125.5b 214.8a 53.5∗∗∗d 87.6c 128.1b 199.7a
Urinary ca/weight 0.8∗∗∗d 1.3c 1.9b 3.5a 0.9∗∗∗d 1.3c 2.0b 3.4a
% of total ca intake 9.8∗∗∗c 14.4bc 21.8b 41.2a 10.6∗∗∗c 15.1c 24.7b 37.6a
Urinary sodium excretion 2864.9∗∗∗b 2859.0b 3977.9a 4277.4a 3090.8∗∗b 3519.6b 2950.9b 4332.6a

1) BMI = weight(kg)/height2(m2)

2) SBP = systolic blood pressure

3) DBP = diastolic blood pressure

∗ : p < 0.05, ∗∗: p < 0.01, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001 Means with same letter in the same row are not significantly different

Table 8.
Mean nutrient intake of subjects by quartile of urinary calcium excretion and urinary calcium excretion per milligram of creatinine
  Urinary calcium excretion Quartile Urinary ca/creatinine Quartile
Q1 (< 64.8) Q2 (64.8 ≤ < 99.0) Q3 (99.0 ≤ < 155.9) Q4 (155.9 ≤) Q1 (< 0.08) Q2 (0.08 ≤ < 0.12) Q3 (0.12 ≤ < 0.17) Q4 (0.17 ≤)
Energy 2045.9 1999.0 1894.1 2286.5 2082.6 2072.2 2033.3 2038.9
Protein 78.7 79.2 80.1 92.5 83.7 80.1 81.0 86.1
Phosphorus 1115.0 1192.2 1185.0 1261.1 1186.8 1191.5 1186.8 1191.8
Calcium 599.98 651.4 680.7 705.6 631.1 646.1 682.8 679.5
Ca density 292.3 348.1 367.5 298.4 306.6 325.2 350.7 324.1
Ca/weight 10.9 10.1 10.8 11.3 10.5 89.9 11.1 11.6
Ca/P ratio 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6
Sodium 3435.5∗∗∗bc 3329.7c 4105.9ab 4768.8a 3615.6∗∗b 3902.4b 3424.9b 4779.7a
Na density 1810.6∗b 1780.8b 2311.7a 2225.1ab 1865.8∗∗b 1997.0b 1820.2b 2483.7a
RNI1) of protein 167.1 156.6 157.2 189.9 170.3 160.4 161.1 179.7
RNI of calcium 90.3 83.3 96.4 102.7 91.6 83.8 97.6 100.1
AI2)of sodium 232.6∗∗∗bc 224.0c 278.4b 329.0a 245.3∗∗b 264.4b 232.7b 327.4a

1) Percent of Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) of 2010 KDRIs

2) Percent of Adequate Intake (AI) of 2010 KDRIs

∗ : p < 0.05, ∗∗: p < 0.01, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001 Means with same letter in the same row are not significantly different

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