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Abstract
Background
The emergence of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) with decreased susceptibilities to fluoroquinolone, ampicillin, or ceftriaxone has been reported worldwide. However, current surveillance studies of resistance among NTS in Korea are limited. Thus, the antimicrobial susceptibilities; resistance mechanisms such as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (PABL), and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR); and molecular epidemiologic characteristics were investigated in the present study.
Methods
National Institute of Health and National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service collected NTS strains from 219 clinical and 293 non-clinical specimens from 2006 to 2008. The antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute disk diffusion test. ESBL, PABL, and qnr genotyping were performed using PCR and nucleotide sequencing. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used for the molecular epidemiologic study.
Results
The resistance to ampicillin in clinical and non-clinical NTS was 49% and 18 to 47%, respectively. The resistance rates to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in clinical and non-clinical NTS were 8% and 0 to 41%, respectively. The rates to extended-spectrum cephalosporin were 0 to 1%. One CTX-M-15-producing isolate and four CMY-2-producing isolates were detected. Notably, PFGE analysis showed four isolates carrying blaCMY-2, including one non-clinical strain had high clonality. Although the rate of ciprofloxacin resistance was very low, two qnrS1-carrying NTS strains were detected in non-clinical specimens.
Conclusion
The resistance rates to ampicillin in both clinical and non-clinical NTS were high, while those to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole varied depending on the specimen. NTS strains harboring CTX-M-15-type ESBL or CMY-2-type PABL were detected even though the resistance rates to cephalosporins were very low. Four NTS strains carrying the blaCMY-2-gene implied zoonotic infection. Continuous effort to minimize transfer of resistance genes in NTS is necessary.
Figures and Tables
Fig. 1
PFGE band patterns of non-typhoidal Salmonella strains. Lane 1 and 8, size marker; lane 2-3, blaCMY-2-negative non-clinical isolates from swine; lane 4, blaCMY-2-positive non-clinical isolates from swine; lane 5-7, blaCMY-2-positive clinical isolates. All the isolates were S. Typhimurium.
Table 2
Resistant rates (%) of nontyphoidal Salmonella species to various antimicrobial agents as a result of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test
*Clinical isolates included S. Typhimurium (83, 37.9%) and S. Enteritidis (136, 62.1%), †Non-clinical isolates from pig included S. Typhimurium (115, 72.8%), S. Schwarzengrund (18, 11.4%), and S. Rissen (16, 10.1%), ‡Non-clinical isolates from chicken included S. Enteritidis (32, 40.0%), S. Virchow (17, 21.3%), and S. Indiana (9, 11.3%), §Non-clinical isolates from food included S. Enteritidis (22, 40.0%), S. Blokley (19, 34.5%), and S. Typhimurium (9, 13.4%).
Abbreviation: NT, not tested.
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