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Abstract
Purpose
Heat shock proteins (hsps) are molecular chaperones that are synthesized by cells in response to various stress conditions. The expression of hsps have been shown to be associated with carcinogenesis and the expression of hsps have been implicated in the biological behavior of tumors. Recently, hsps have emerged as novel molecular targets in
anticancer protocols. The objectives of this study were to investigate the significance of hsp 70/90 in breast carcinogenesis and effect of geldanamycin (a blocker of hsp 90) and quercetin (a blocker of hsp 70) on growth inhibition in different breast cancer cell lines.
Methods
Breast tissues from 82 patients were obtained between June 2003 and May 2005 at the Department of Surgery, Hallym University Hospital. Expression of hsp 70/90 was studied by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on tissue sections from 63 breast carcinomas and 19 benign breast tissues. Both cytoplasmic and nuclear expression was measured. Expression of hsp 70/90 was also analyzed by use of a Western blot with the breast cancer cell lines. We next investigated the effects of blockers of hsp 70/90 on cell growth of the human breast cancer cell lines.
Results
More prominent hsp 90 expression was observed in malignant tissue than in benign tissue by both cytoplasmic and nuclear IHC staining (p<0.001, p<0.001). Nuclear hsp 90 expression was associated with a positive lymph node status (p=0.003) and the presence of poorly differentiated tumors (p=0.028). Expression of hsp 70 was not different in malignant and benign tissues as determined by both cytoplasmic and nuclear IHC staining. The breast cancer cell lines all expressed hsp 70/90. Geldanamycin markedly inhibited the cell growth of these breast cancer cell lines in a dosedependent manner and induced apoptosis in the cell lines. Quercetin inhibited cell growth of the cell lines less efficiently.
Figures and Tables
Fig 1
Assessment of immunohistochemical staining. Expression of hsp 70 and hsp 90 was systemically reviewed by two independent observer by assessing semiquantitatively the percentage of stained cells and the staining intensity. The sum of the rate of percentage and intensity was classified as follows: 0 as 0 (A), 1 to 2 as 1 (B), 3 to 4 as 2 (C), 5 to 7 as 3 (D).
Fig 2
Western blot assays on breast cancer cell lines. 1: MDA-MB 435; 2: MDA-MB 231; 3: MDA-MB 231LC3; 4: MDAMB
231GFP; 5: MDA-MB 231BR3; 6: MCF-7; 7: T-47D. *30 mg of total cell lysates were loaded on each lane.
Fig 3
MTT assay; effect of geldanamycin on breast cancer cell lines. The results are shown as the mean±S.D. of triplicates. *,†: p<0.05, p-values were determined compared with each control; *and DMSO; †using Mann-Whitney U-test.
Fig 4
MTT assay; effect of quercetin on breast cancer cell lines. The results are shown as the mean±S.D. of triplicates. *,†: p<0.05, p-values were determined compared with each control; *and DMSO; †using Mann-Whitney U-test.
Fig 5
DAPI; apoptotic effect of geldanamycin. Cells (2×105) (A) were treated with DMSO (B), geldanamycin (GA) 10 μM (C). The condensed chromosomes are seen as spots in the nucleus by DAPI staining; multinuclear cells are shown with arrowheads, magnification 100. Apoptotic cells were morphologically defined by cytoplasmic and nuclear shrinkage and chromatin condensation or fragmentation. Cell shrinkage, irregularity in cellular shape, are seen in the GA-treated cultures. The white arrows indicate condensed nuclei.
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