Clinical Practice Guideline for Antiviral Treatment and Chemoprophylaxis of Seasonal Influenza

Won-Suk Choi; Jacob Lee; Hee-Young Lee; Ji-Hyeon Baek; Yun-Kyung Kim; Sae-Yoon Kee; Hye-Won Jeong; Young-Keun Kim; Joon-Young Song; Seong-Heon Wie; Jin-Soo Lee

doi:10.3947/ic.2012.44.4.233

Journal List > Infect Chemother > v.44(4) > 1035154

Go to TopGo to Top Go to BottomGo to Bottom

This article has been corrected. See "ERRATUM: Clinical Practice Guideline for Antiviral Treatment and Chemoprophylaxis of Seasonal Influenza" in Volume 44 on page 409.

TOOLS

Choi, Lee, Lee, Baek, Kim, Kee, Jeong, Kim, Song, Wie, Lee, and Transgovernmental Enterprise for Pandemic Influenza in Korea: Clinical Practice Guideline for Antiviral Treatment and Chemoprophylaxis of Seasonal Influenza

Special Article

Infection & Chemotherapy

Infection & Chemotherapy 2012; 44(4): 233-249.

Published online: 31 August 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2012.44.4.233

Clinical Practice Guideline for Antiviral Treatment and Chemoprophylaxis of Seasonal Influenza

Won-Suk Choi^1,^*, Jacob Lee^2,^*, Hee-Young Lee³, Ji-Hyeon Baek⁴, Yun-Kyung Kim⁵, Sae-Yoon Kee⁶, Hye-Won Jeong⁷, Young-Keun Kim⁸

, Joon-Young Song¹, Seong-Heon Wie⁹, Jin-Soo Lee⁴; Transgovernmental Enterprise for Pandemic Influenza in Korea

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

²Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

³Gachon University Gil Hospital Cancer Center, Incheon, Korea.

⁴Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.

⁵Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea.

⁶Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University College of Medicine, Chungju, Korea.

⁷Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea.

⁸Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.

⁹Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University College of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.

Correspondence to Jin-Soo Lee, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, 7-206, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-711, Korea. Tel: +82-32-890-3616, Fax: +82-32-882-6578, ljinsoo@inha.ac.kr

Equal contributor:

*Won-Suk Choi and Jacob Lee contributed equally to this work

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Influenza, a highly communicable disease, causes variable epidemics annually and imposes public health problems and socioeconomic burden. In addition to vaccine, antiviral medication has an important role in treatment and prevention of influenza virus infection. As influenza virus is undergoing change of antigenicity and antiviral susceptibility, proper use of antiviral medication is important. This guideline encompasses treatment and chemoprophylaxis with antiviral medications for seasonal influenza based on the current influenza situation in Korea. These recommendations were intended for physicians in all medical specialties who provide care for influenza patients.

Keywords: Influenza, Guideline, Treatment, Chemoprophylaxis, Antiviral agents

Figures and Tables

Figure 1

The weekly proportion of visits for influenza-like illness per 1,000 patients, 2007-2012 seasons [2].

Table 1

Database and Search Terms for Clinical Guidelines

Table 2

Characteristics of Selected Clinical Guidelines

^aAssociation of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Canada.

^bCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.

^cNational Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.

^dAmerican Academy of Pediatrics.

^eAustralian Society for Infectious Diseases.

^fGuideline Development Group.

^gInfectious Diseases Society of America.

^hWorld Health Organization.

Table 3

Recommendation of Strength and Quality of Evidence

Table 4

Influenza Virus Isolates by Subtype, Reported through the Korean Influenza Surveillance Scheme, KCDC

Table 5

Antiviral Resistance among Recently Isolated Influenza Viruses

^amantadine and rimantadine

Table 6

Treatment Indications Recommended by Other Clinical Guidelines

^achildren aged <2 years; adults aged ≥65 years; persons with chronic pulmonary (including asthma), cardiovascular (except hypertension alone), renal, hepatic, hematological (including sickle cell disease), metabolic disorders (including diabetes mellitus), or neurologic and neurodevelopment conditions (including disorders of the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerve, and muscle such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy [seizure disorders], stroke, intellectual disability [mental retardation], moderate to severe developmental delay, muscular dystrophy, or spinal cord injury); persons with immunosuppression, including that caused by medications or by HIV infection; women who are pregnant or postpartum (within two weeks after delivery); persons aged <19 years who are receiving long-term aspirin therapy; American Indians/Alaska Natives; persons who are morbidly obese (i.e., body-mass index ≥40); and residents of nursing homes and other chronic-care facilities.

^binfants and young children, in particular those <2 years; pregnant women; persons of any age with chronic pulmonary disease (e.g. asthma, COPD); persons of any age with chronic cardiac disease (e.g. congestive cardiac failure); persons with metabolic disorders (e.g. diabetes); persons with chronic renal disease, chronic hepatic disease, certain neurological conditions (including neuromuscular, neurocognitive and seizure disorders, but not including autism spectrum disorders); hemoglobinopathies, or immunosuppression, whether due to primary immunosuppressive conditions, such as HIV infection, or secondary conditions, such as immunosuppressive medication or malignancy; children receiving chronic aspirin therapy; persons aged 65 years and older; obesity.

^cPatients who have uncomplicated illness, and are not in a group known to be at higher risk of developing severe or complicated illness, may not need to receive treatment with antivirals. A decision to treat will depend upon clinical judgment and availability of antivirals.

^dunvaccinated infants aged 12~24 months; persons with asthma or other chronic pulmonary diseases, such as cystic fibrosis in children or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults; persons with hemodynamically significant cardiac disease; persons who have immunosuppressive disorders or who are receiving immunosuppressive therapy; HIV-infected persons; persons with sickle cell anemia and other hemoglobinopathies; persons with diseases that require long-term aspirin therapy, such as rheumatoid arthritis or Kawasaki disease; persons with chronic renal dysfunction; persons with cancer; persons with chronic metabolic disease, such as diabetes mellitus; persons with neuromuscular disorders, seizure disorders, or cognitive dysfunction that may compromise the handling of respiratory secretions; adults aged >65 years; and residents of any age of nursing homes or other long-term care institutions

^epersons with chronic respiratory disease (including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), chronic heart disease, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, chronic neurological conditions, diabetes mellitus; persons aged >65 years; and persons who might be immunosuppressed.

Table 7

Recommended Dosage of Antiviral Medications for Treatment

^arecommended dosage for one-time dose by child' weight: weight ≤15 kg, 30 mg; 15 kg< weight ≤23 kg, 45 mg; 23 kg< weight ≤40 kg, 60 mg; 40 kg< weight, 75 mg.

^bNot approved.

Table 8

Dosing Recommendations for Treatment of Persons with Renal Impairment

Table 9

Dosing Recommendations for Treatment of Children Aged <1 Year or Premature Infants

^aThe Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) allowed treatment with oseltamivir in children under one year of age during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic only. In cases of higher risk of influenza, oseltamivir can be used, considering potential risk and benefit.

Table 10

Recommended Dosage of Antiviral Medications for Chemoprophylaxis

^aThe Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) allowed chemoprophylaxis with oseltamivirin for children aged 3-11 months during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic only. In cases of higher risk of influenza, oseltamivir of 3mg/Kg/dose can be used once daily, considering potential risk and benefit.

Table 11

Dosing Recommendations for Chemoprophylaxis of Persons with Renal Impairment

Notes

This study was supported by a grant from the Korea Healthcare technology R&D Project Ministry of Health & Welfare Republic of Korea. (Grant No.: A103001)

References

1. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors. Principles and practice of infectious disease. 2009. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone.

2. Korean Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Public Health Weekly Report. 2012. 5:581–600.

3. Korean Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza Sentinel Surveillance Report. 2012. 24:1.

4. World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines for Pharmacological Management of Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) 2009 and other Influenza Viruses. 2010. 02. Accessed 10 August 2012. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/h1n1_use_antivirals_20090820/en/.

5. Brankston G, Gitterman L, Hirji Z, Lemieux C, Gardam M. Transmission of influenza A in human beings. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007. 7:257–265.

6. Cox NJ, Subbarao K. Influenza. Lancet. 1999. 354:1277–1282.

7. Carrat F, Vergu E, Ferguson NM, Lemaitre M, Cauchemez S, Leach S, Valleron AJ. Time lines of infection and disease in human influenza: a review of volunteer challenge studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2008. 167:775–785.

8. Hayden FG, Fritz R, Lobo MC, Alvord W, Strober W, Straus SE. Local and systemic cytokine responses during experimental human influenza A virus infection. Relation to symptom formation and host defense. J Clin Invest. 1998. 101:643–649.

9. Hall CB, Douglas RG Jr. Nosocomial influenza infection as a cause of intercurrent fevers in infants. Pediatrics. 1975. 55:673–677.

10. Nicholson KG. Clinical features of influenza. Semin Respir Infect. 1992. 7:26–37.

11. Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Bridges CB, Cox NJ, Fukuda K. Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States. JAMA. 2004. 292:1333–1340.

12. Fiore AE, Shay DK, Broder K, Iskander JK, Uyeki TM, Mootrey G, Bresee JS, Cox NS. Prevention and Control of Influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2008. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008. 57:1–60.

13. Ho YC, Wang JL, Wang JT, Wu UI, Chang CW, Wu HS, Chen CH, Chuang YM, Chang SC. Prognostic factors for fatal adult influenza pneumonia. J Infect. 2009. 58:439–445.

14. Bautista E, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, Harper SA, Shaw M, Uyeki TM, Zaki SR, Hayden FG, Hui DS, Kettner JD, Kumar A, Lim M, Shindo N, Penn C, Nicholson KG. Clinical aspects of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2010. 362:1708–1719.

15. Schrag SJ, Shay DK, Gershman K, Thomas A, Craig AS, Schaffner W, Harrison LH, Vugia D, Clogher P, Lynfield R, Farley M, Zansky S, Uyeki T. Multistate surveillance for laboratory-confirmed, influenza-associated hospitalizations in children: 2003-2004. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006. 25:395–400.

16. Maricich SM, Neul JL, Lotze TE, Cazacu AC, Uyeki TM, Demmler GJ, Clark GD. Neurologic complications associated with influenza A in children during the 2003-2004 influenza season in Houston, Texas. Pediatrics. 2004. 114:e626–e633.

17. Abe M, Higuchi T, Okada K, Kaizu K, Matsumoto K. Clinical study of influenza-associated rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure. Clin Nephrol. 2006. 66:166–170.

18. Mamas MA, Fraser D, Neyses L. Cardiovascular manifestations associated with influenza virus infection. Int J Cardiol. 2008. 130:304–309.

19. Guarner J, Paddock CD, Shieh WJ, Packard MM, Patel M, Montague JL, Uyeki TM, Bhat N, Balish A, Lindstrom S, Klimov A, Zaki SR. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical features of fatal influenza virus infection in children during the 2003-2004 season. Clin Infect Dis. 2006. 43:132–140.

20. Harper SA, Bradley JS, Englund JA, File TM, Gravenstein S, Hayden FG, McGeer AJ, Neuzil KM, Pavia AT, Tapper ML, Uyeki TM, Zimmerman RK. Seasonal influenza in adults and children--diagnosis, treatment, chemoprophylaxis, and institutional outbreak management: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009. 48:1003–1032.

21. Storch GA. Rapid diagnostic tests for influenza. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2003. 15:77–84.

22. Grijalva CG, Poehling KA, Edwards KM, Weinberg GA, Staat MA, Iwane MK, Schaffner W, Griffin MR. Accuracy and interpretation of rapid influenza tests in children. Pediatrics. 2007. 119:e6–e11.

23. Uyeki TM, Prasad R, Vukotich C, Stebbins S, Rinaldo CR, Ferng YH, Morse SS, Larson EL, Aiello AE, Davis B, Monto AS. Low sensitivity of rapid diagnostic test for influenza. Clin Infect Dis. 2009. 48:e89–e92.

24. Hurt AC, Alexander R, Hibbert J, Deed N, Barr IG. Performance of six influenza rapid tests in detecting human influenza in clinical specimens. J Clin Virol. 2007. 39:132–135.

25. Schmid ML, Kudesia G, Wake S, Read RC. Prospective comparative study of culture specimens and methods in diagnosing influenza in adults. BMJ. 1998. 316:275.

26. Uyeki TM. Influenza diagnosis and treatment in children: a review of studies on clinically useful tests and antiviral treatment for influenza. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003. 22:164–177.

27. Sung RY, Chan PK, Choi KC, Yeung AC, Li AM, Tang JW, Ip M, Tsen T, Nelson EA. Comparative study of nasopharyngeal aspirate and nasal swab specimens for diagnosis of acute viral respiratory infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2008. 46:3073–3076.

28. Jefferson T, Demicheli V, Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti D. Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. CD001169.

29. Bright RA, Medina MJ, Xu X, Perez-Oronoz G, Wallis TR, Davis XM, Povinelli L, Cox NJ, Klimov AI. Incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005: a cause for concern. Lancet. 2005. 366:1175–1181.

30. Bright RA, Shay DK, Shu B, Cox NJ, Klimov AI. Adamantane resistance among influenza A viruses isolated early during the 2005-2006 influenza season in the United States. JAMA. 2006. 295:891–894.

31. Hayden FG, Osterhaus AD, Treanor JJ, Fleming DM, Aoki FY, Nicholson KG, Bohnen AM, Hirst HM, Keene O, Wightman K. Efficacy and safety of the neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir in the treatment of influenzavirus infections. GG167 Influenza Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1997. 337:874–880.

32. Treanor JJ, Hayden FG, Vrooman PS, Barbarash R, Bettis R, Riff D, Singh S, Kinnersley N, Ward P, Mills RG. Efficacy and safety of the oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in treating acute influenza: a randomized controlled trial. US Oral Neuraminidase Study Group. JAMA. 2000. 283:1016–1024.

33. Whitley RJ, Hayden FG, Reisinger KS, Young N, Dutkowski R, Ipe D, Mills RG, Ward P. Oral oseltamivir treatment of influenza in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001. 20:127–133.

34. de Bruijn IA, Remarque EJ, Jol-van der Zijde CM, van Tol MJ, Westendorp RG, Knook DL. Quality and quantity of the humoral immune response in healthy elderly and young subjects after annually repeated influenza vaccination. J Infect Dis. 1999. 179:31–36.

35. Hedrick JA, Barzilai A, Behre U, Henderson FW, Hammond J, Reilly L, Keene O. Zanamivir for treatment of symptomatic influenza A and B infection in children five to twelve years of age: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000. 19:410–417.

36. Lalezari J, Campion K, Keene O, Silagy C. Zanamivir for the treatment of influenza A and B infection in high-risk patients: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2001. 161:212–217.

37. Monto AS, Webster A, Keene O. Randomized, placebo-controlled studies of inhaled zanamivir in the treatment of influenza A and B: pooled efficacy analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999. 44:Suppl B. 23–29.

38. Kaiser L, Wat C, Mills T, Mahoney P, Ward P, Hayden F. Impact of oseltamivir treatment on influenza-related lower respiratory tract complications and hospitalizations. Arch Intern Med. 2003. 163:1667–1672.

39. Johnston SL, Ferrero F, Garcia ML, Dutkowski R. Oral oseltamivir improves pulmonary function and reduces exacerbation frequency for influenza-infected children with asthma. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005. 24:225–232.

40. Kohno S, Yen MY, Cheong HJ, Hirotsu N, Ishida T, Kadota J, Mizuguchi M, Kida H, Shimada J. Phase III randomized, double-blind study comparing single-dose intravenous peramivir with oral oseltamivir in patients with seasonal influenza virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011. 55:5267–5276.

41. Choi WS, Noh JY, Huh JY, Kee SY, Jeong HW, Lee J, Song JY, Cheong HJ, Kim WJ. The clinical usefulness of the SD Bioline Influenza Antigen Test(R) for detecting the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus. Yonsei Med J. 2011. 52:683–685.

42. Louie JK, Guevara H, Boston E, Dahlke M, Nevarez M, Kong T, Schechter R, Glaser CA, Schnurr DP. Rapid influenza antigen test for diagnosis of pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010. 16:824–826.

43. Blyth CC, Iredell JR, Dwyer DE. Rapid-test sensitivity for novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. N Engl J Med. 2009. 361:2493.

44. Vasoo S, Stevens J, Singh K. Rapid antigen tests for diagnosis of pandemic (Swine) influenza A/H1N1. Clin Infect Dis. 2009. 49:1090–1093.

45. Fiore AE, Fry A, Shay D, Gubareva L, Bresee JS, Uyeki TM. Antiviral agents for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2011. 60:1–24.

46. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases. Recommendations for prevention and control of influenza in children, 2011-2012. Pediatrics. 2011. 128:813–825.

47. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. NICE technology appraisal guidance 168 Amantadine, oseltamivir and zanamivir for the treatment of influenza. 2009. 02. Accessed 10 August 2012. Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/TA168fullguidance.pdf.

48. Allen UD, Aoki FY, Stiver HG. The use of antiviral drugs for influenza: recommended guidelines for practitioners. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2006. 17:273–284.

49. Wutzler P, Kossow KD, Lode H, Ruf BR, Scholz H, Vogel GE. Antiviral treatment and prophylaxis of influenza in primary care: German recommendations. J Clin Virol. 2004. 31:84–91.

50. Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N, Anderson LJ, Fukuda K. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. JAMA. 2003. 289:179–186.

51. Dodds L, McNeil SA, Fell DB, Allen VM, Coombs A, Scott J, MacDonald N. Impact of influenza exposure on rates of hospital admissions and physician visits because of respiratory illness among pregnant women. CMAJ. 2007. 176:463–468.

52. Callaghan WM, Chu SY, Jamieson DJ. Deaths from seasonal influenza among pregnant women in the United States, 1998-2005. Obstet Gynecol. 2010. 115:919–923.

53. Siston AM, Rasmussen SA, Honein MA, Fry AM, Seib K, Callaghan WM, Louie J, Doyle TJ, Crockett M, Lynfield R, Moore Z, Wiedeman C, Anand M, Tabony L, Nielsen CF, Waller K, Page S, Thompson JM, Avery C, Springs CB, Jones T, Williams JL, Newsome K, Finelli L, Jamieson DJ. Pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus illness among pregnant women in the United States. JAMA. 2010. 303:1517–1525.

54. Creanga AA, Johnson TF, Graitcer SB, Hartman LK, Al-Samarrai T, Schwarz AG, Chu SY, Sackoff JE, Jamieson DJ, Fine AD, Shapiro-Mendoza CK, Jones LE, Uyeki TM, Balter S, Bish CL, Finelli L, Honein MA. Severity of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol. 2010. 115:717–726.

55. Jamieson DJ, Honein MA, Rasmussen SA, Williams JL, Swerdlow DL, Biggerstaff MS, Lindstrom S, Louie JK, Christ CM, Bohm SR, Fonseca VP, Ritger KA, Kuhles DJ, Eggers P, Bruce H, Davidson HA, Lutterloh E, Harris ML, Burke C, Cocoros N, Finelli L, MacFarlane KF, Shu B, Olsen SJ. H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection during pregnancy in the USA. Lancet. 2009. 374:451–458.

56. Jain S, Kamimoto L, Bramley AM, Schmitz AM, Benoit SR, Louie J, Sugerman DE, Druckenmiller JK, Ritger KA, Chugh R, Jasuja S, Deutscher M, Chen S, Walker JD, Duchin JS, Lett S, Soliva S, Wells EV, Swerdlow D, Uyeki TM, Fiore AE, Olsen SJ, Fry AM, Bridges CB, Finelli L. Hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in the United States, April-June 2009. N Engl J Med. 2009. 361:1935–1944.

57. Louie JK, Acosta M, Winter K, Jean C, Gavali S, Schechter R, Vugia D, Harriman K, Matyas B, Glaser CA, Samuel MC, Rosenberg J, Talarico J, Hatch D. Factors associated with death or hospitalization due to pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection in California. JAMA. 2009. 302:1896–1902.

58. Morgan OW, Bramley A, Fowlkes A, Freedman DS, Taylor TH, Gargiullo P, Belay B, Jain S, Cox C, Kamimoto L, Fiore A, Finelli L, Olsen SJ, Fry AM. Morbid obesity as a risk factor for hospitalization and death due to 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1)disease. PLoS One. 2010. 5:e9694.

59. Jefferson T, Jones MA, Doshi P, Del Mar CB, Heneghan CJ, Hama R, Thompson MJ. Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012. 1:CD008965.

60. Dutkowski R, Smith JR, Davies BE. Safety and pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir at standard and high dosages. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010. 35:461–467.

61. Wattanagoon Y, Stepniewska K, Lindegardh N, Pukrittayakamee S, Silachamroon U, Piyaphanee W, Singtoroj T, Hanpithakpong W, Davies G, Tarning J, Pongtavornpinyo W, Fukuda C, Singhasivanon P, Day NP, White NJ. Pharmacokinetics of high-dose oseltamivir in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009. 53:945–952.

62. Kohno S, Kida H, Mizuguchi M, Hirotsu N, Ishida T, Kadota J, Shimada J. Intravenous peramivir for treatment of influenza A and B virus infection in high-risk patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011. 55:2803–2812.

63. Duval X, van der Werf S, Blanchon T, Mosnier A, Bouscambert-Duchamp M, Tibi A, Enouf V, Charlois-Ou C, Vincent C, Andreoletti L, Tubach F, Lina B, Mentre F, Leport C. Efficacy of oseltamivir-zanamivir combination compared to each monotherapy for seasonal influenza: a randomized placebocontrolled trial. PLoS Med. 2010. 7:e1000362.

64. Kim WY, Young Suh G, Huh JW, Kim SH, Kim MJ, Kim YS, Kim HR, Ryu YJ, Han MS, Ko YG, Chon GR, Lee KH, Choi SH, Hong SB. Triple-combination antiviral drug for pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection in critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011. 55:5703–5709.

65. Nguyen JT, Hoopes JD, Le MH, Smee DF, Patick AK, Faix DJ, Blair PJ, de Jong MD, Prichard MN, Went GT. Triple combination of amantadine, ribavirin, and oseltamivir is highly active and synergistic against drug resistant influenza virus strains in vitro. PLoS One. 2010. 5:e9332.

66. Hoopes JD, Driebe EM, Kelley E, Engelthaler DM, Keim PS, Perelson AS, Rong L, Went GT, Nguyen JT. Triple combination antiviral drug (TCAD) composed of amantadine, oseltamivir, and ribavirin impedes the selection of drug-resistant influenza A virus. PLoS One. 2012. 6:e29778.

67. Nguyen JT, Smee DF, Barnard DL, Julander JG, Gross M, de Jong MD, Went GT. Efficacy of combined therapy with amantadine, oseltamivir, and ribavirin in vivo against susceptible and amantadine-resistant influenza A viruses. PLoS One. 2012. 7:e31006.

68. Smee DF, Wong MH, Bailey KW, Sidwell RW. Activities of oseltamivir and ribavirin used alone and in combination against infections in mice with recent isolates of influenza A (H1N1) and B viruses. Antivir Chem Chemother. 2006. 17:185–192.

69. Ilyushina NA, Hoffmann E, Salomon R, Webster RG, Govorkova EA. Amantadine-oseltamivir combination therapy for H5N1 influenza virus infection in mice. Antivir Ther. 2007. 12:363–370.

70. Smee DF, Hurst BL, Wong MH, Bailey KW, Morrey JD. Effects of double combinations of amantadine, oseltamivir, and ribavirin on influenza A (H5N1) virus infections in cell culture and in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009. 53:2120–2128.

71. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Oseltamivir-resistant 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in two summer campers receiving prophylaxis--North Carolina, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009. 58:969–972.

72. Greer LG, Sheffield JS, Rogers VL, Roberts SW, McIntire DD, Wendel GD Jr. Maternal and neonatal outcomes after antepartum treatment of influenza with antiviral medications. Obstet Gynecol. 2010. 115:711–716.

73. Donner B, Niranjan V, Hoffmann G. Safety of oseltamivir in pregnancy: a review of preclinical and clinical data. Drug Saf. 2010. 33:631–642.

74. Rasmussen SA, Jamieson DJ, Bresee JS. Pandemic influenza and pregnant women. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008. 14:95–100.

75. Hartert TV, Neuzil KM, Shintani AK, Mitchel EF Jr, Snowden MS, Wood LB, Dittus RS, Griffin MR. Maternal morbidity and perinatal outcomes among pregnant women with respiratory hospitalizations during influenza season. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003. 189:1705–1712.

76. Korean Food and Drug Administration. KFDA approval of Tamiflu. Accessed 10 August 2012. Available at: http://www.kfda.go.kr.

77. . New concerns about oseltamivir. Lancet. 2007. 369:1056.

78. Blumentals WA, Song X. The safety of oseltamivir in patients with influenza: analysis of healthcare claims data from six influenza seasons. MedGenMed. 2007. 9:23.

79. Toovey S, Rayner C, Prinssen E, Chu T, Donner B, Thakrar B, Dutkowski R, Hoffmann G, Breidenbach A, Lindemann L, Carey E, Boak L, Gieschke R, Sacks S, Solsky J, Small I, Reddy D. Assessment of neuropsychiatric adverse events in influenza patients treated with oseltamivir: a comprehensive review. Drug Saf. 2008. 31:1097–1114.

80. He G, Massarella J, Ward P. Clinical pharmacokinetics of the prodrug oseltamivir and its active metabolite Ro 64-0802. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1999. 37:471–484.

81. Korean Food and Drug Administration. KFDA approval of Relenza. Accessed 10 August 2012. Available at: http://www.kfda.go.kr.

82. . The periodic health examination. Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. Can Med Assoc J. 1979. 121:1193–1254.

83. Hayden FG, Pavia AT. Antiviral management of seasonal and pandemic influenza. J Infect Dis. 2006. 194:Suppl 2. S119–S126.

84. World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for pharmacological management of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 and other influenza viruses. 2010. 02. Accessed 10 August 2012. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/h1n1_use_antivirals_20090820/en/.

85. Hayden FG, Gubareva LV, Monto AS, Klein TC, Elliot MJ, Hammond JM, Sharp SJ, Ossi MJ. Zanamivir Family Study G. Inhaled zanamivir for the prevention of influenza in families. Zanamivir Family Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000. 343:1282–1289.

86. Monto AS, Pichichero ME, Blanckenberg SJ, Ruuskanen O, Cooper C, Fleming DM, Kerr C. Zanamivir prophylaxis: an effective strategy for the prevention of influenza types A and B within households. J Infect Dis. 2002. 186:1582–1588.

87. Hayden FG, Belshe R, Villanueva C, Lanno R, Hughes C, Small I, Dutkowski R, Ward P, Carr J. Management of influenza in households: a prospective, randomized comparison of oseltamivir treatment with or without postexposure prophylaxis. J Infect Dis. 2004. 189:440–449.

88. Welliver R, Monto AS, Carewicz O, Schatteman E, Hassman M, Hedrick J, Jackson HC, Huson L, Ward P, Oxford JS. Oseltamivir Post Exposure Prophylaxis Investigator G. Effectiveness of oseltamivir in preventing influenza in household contacts: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001. 285:748–754.

89. Lan Y, Li Z, Dong LB, Zhang Y, Wen LY, Zhang YM, Wang M, Guo YJ, Shu YL. Adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated from the mainland of China. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi. 2006. 20:21–23.

90. Kaiser L, Henry D, Flack NP, Keene O, Hayden FG. Short-term treatment with zanamivir to prevent influenza: results of a placebo-controlled study. Clin Infect Dis. 2000. 30:587–589.

TOOLS

ORCID iDs: Young-Keun Kim
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2120-6265
Similar articles