Evaluation of titanium surface properties by Nd: YVO4 laser irradiation: pilot study

Ae-Ra Kim; Ji-Yoon Park; Yeon Kim; Sei-Won Jun; Yoon-Jeong Seo; Sang-Won Park

doi:10.4047/jkap.2013.51.3.167

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Kim, Park, Kim, Jun, Seo, and Park: Evaluation of titanium surface properties by Nd: YVO4 laser irradiation: pilot study

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

J Korean Acad Prosthodont 2013;51(3):167-174.

Published online: 18 January 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4047/jkap.2013.51.3.167

Evaluation of titanium surface properties by Nd: YVO4 laser irradiation: pilot study

Ae-Ra Kim, DDS, MSD¹, Ji-Yoon Park, DDS, MSD², Yeon Kim, DDS, MSD², Sei-Won Jun, DDS, MSD², Yoon-Jeong Seo, MSD¹, Sang-Won Park, DDS, PhD^1,^∗

^¹Department of Prosthodontics

^²Department of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea

∗Corresponding Author: Sang-Won Park Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, 33 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea +82 62 530 5630: e-mail, psw320@chonnam.ac.kr

Received 7 June 201327 June 2013 Accepted 4 July 2013

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study was conducted to evaluate the roughness and surface alternations of three differently blasted titanium discs treated by Nd: YVO₄ Laser irradiation in different conditions.

Materials and methods

Thirty commercially pure titanium discs were prepared and divided into three groups. Each group was consisted of 10 samples and blasted by ZrO₂ (zirconium dioxide), Al2O₃ (aluminum oxide), and RBM (resorbable blasted media). All the samples were degreased by ultrasonic cleaner afterward. Nine different conditions were established by changing scanning speed (100, 300, 500 mm/s) and repetition rate (5, 15, 35 kHz) of Nd: YVO₄ Laser (Laser Pro D-20, Laserval Korea^®, Seoul, South Korea). After laser irradiation, a scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction analysis, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis, and surface roughness analysis were used to assess the roughness and surface alternations of the samples.

Results

According to a scanning electron microscope (SEM), titanium discs treated with laser irradiation showed characteristic patterns in contrast to the control which showed irregular patterns. According to the X-ray diffraction analysis, only Al2O₃ group showed its own peak. The oxidation tendency and surface roughness of titanium were similar to the control in the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis. The surface roughness was inversely proportional to the scanning speed, whereas proportional to the repetition rate of Nd: YVO₄.

Conclusion

The surface microstructures and roughness of the test discs were modified by the radiation of Nd: YVO₄ laser. Therefore, laser irradiation could be considered one of the methods to modify implant surfaces for the enhancement of osseointegration. (J Korean Acad Prosthodont 2013;51:167-74)

Keywords: Nd, YVO₄ laser, Titanium surface, Blasting media

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Fig. 1.

SEM micrographs of titanium disc without laser irradiation at original magnification of ×1,000. A: group Z, B: group A, C: group R.

Fig. 2.

SEM micrographs of titanium disc by laser irradiation at original magnification of ×1,000. A: bead form in group Z, B: wave-like pattern in group A, C: parallel scratch in group R. ∗ Specimen number is S1R35.

Fig. 3.

The XRD spectra of the Ti specimen surfaces. A: group Z, B: group A, C: group R.

Fig. 4.

The result of EDX analysis in group Z.

Fig. 5.

The result of EDX analysis in group A.

Fig. 6.

The result of EDX analysis in group R.

Fig. 7.

Changes of surface roughness by Scanning Speed and Repetition rate: A, group Z; B, group A; C, group R.

Table 1.

Crystalline structure of titanium disc

Table 1. Crystallin Phase	ne structure of titanium disc Crystalline system	Space group¹⁾	Cell parameter (Å)²⁾	ICSD number³⁾
α -Ti	Hexagonal	P63/mmc	a = b = 2.95, c = 4.686	76,144

¹⁾ Space group: a description of the symmetry of the crystal,

²⁾ Cell parameter: constant distance between unit cells in a crystal lattice,

³⁾ ICSD number (Inorganic Crystal Structure Database): database of inorganic crystal structure data.

Table 2.

Experimental groups used in this study

Group	Blasting media	Number
Z	ZrO2(-126 ㎛)	10
A	Al2O3 (254.8 ㎛)	10
R	RBM (-530 ㎛)	10

Table 3.

Laser irradiation conditions for the experimental specimens

Specimen No.	Control	S1R5	S1R15	S1R35	S3R5	S3R15	S3R35	S5R5	S5R15	S5R35
Power (%)¹⁾	No	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Scanning speed (mm/s)²⁾	No	100	100	100	300	300	300	500	500	500
Repetition rate (kHz)³⁾	No	5	15	35	5	15	35	5	15	35

¹⁾ Power - ability to exercise energy per time unit (%),

²⁾ Scanning speed - scanning speed of laser at the surface of test discs per time unit (mm/s),

³⁾ Repetition rate - vibration quantity of laser irradiation on the particular spot per time unit (kHz).

Table 4.

Surface roughness (Ra) (Mean ± SD^∗) (㎛)

	Z	A	R
Control	1.35 ± 0.14	3.06 ± 1.10	3.05 ± 0.47
S1R5	1.34 ± 0.30	1.99 ± 0.34	2.58 ± 0.44
S1R15	2.83 ± 0.23	2.60 ± 0.26	2.82 ± 0.49
S1R35	3.31 ± 0.08	3.70 ± 0.82	3.68 ± 0.63
S3R5	1.04 ± 0.15	1.35 ± 0.29	2.58 ± 0.27
S3R15	1.66 ± 0.12	1.39 ± 0.36	3.46 ± 0.38
S3R35	2.29 ± 0.17	2.30 ± 0.59	3.51 ± 0.52
S5R5	0.73 ± 0.06	1.98 ± 0.70	2.37 ± 0.24
S5R15	1.51 ± 0.10	2.00 ± 0.64	2.57 ± 0.47
S5R35	1.88 ± 0.10	2.19 ± 0.53	2.88 ± 0.12

^∗ SD: standard deviation

Table 5.

Two-way ANOVA with scanning speed and repetition rate

Group	Source	DF	Sum of squares	Mean square	F value	P value
Z	Scanning speed	2	10.124	5.062	89.824	<.001
	Repetition rate	2	16.483	8.242	146.243	<.001
	Scanning speed∗Repetition rate	5	27.725^a	5.545	98.395	<.001
	Error	44	2.48	0.056
	Correted Total	49	30.205
A	Scanning speed	2	9.01	4.505	10.839	<.001
	Repetition rate	2	7.481	3.74	8.999	<.001
	Scanning speed∗Repetition rate	5	20.066^a	4.013	9.655	<.001
	Error	44	18.288	0.416
	Correted Total	49	38.354
R	Scanning speed	2	2.687	1.344	6.784	.003
	Repetition rate	2	5.395	2.698	13.621	<.001
	Scanning speed∗Repetition rate	5	8.140^a	1.628	8.22	<.001
	Error	44	8.714	0.198
	Correted Total	49	16.854

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