Journal List > J Korean Acad Prosthodont > v.49(2) > 1034661

Kim, Yeo, Kim, Han, Lee, and Yang: Analysis of thermal changes in bone by various insertion torques with different implant designs

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims at investigating the influence of various insertion torques on thermal changes of bone. A proper insertion torque is derived based on the thermal analysis with two different implant designs.

Materials and methods

For implant materials, bovine scapula bone of 15 - 20 mm thickness was cut into 35 mm by 40 - 50 mm pieces. Of these, the pieces having 2 - 3 mm thickness cortical bone were used as samples. Then, the half of the sample was immersed in a bath of 36.5℃ and the other half was exposed to ambient temperature of 25℃, so that the inner and surface temperatures reached 36.5℃ and 28℃, respectively. Two types of implants (4.5 × 10 mm Bra®nemark type, 4.8 ×10 mm Microthread type) were inserted into bovine scapula bone and the temperature was measured by a thermocouple at 0.2 mm from the measuring point. Finite element method (FEM) was used to analyze the thermal changes at contacting surface assuming that the sample is a cube of 4 cm ×4 cm × 2 cm and a layer up to 2 mm from the top is cortical bone and below is a cancellous bone. Boundary conditions were set on the basis of the shape of cavity after implants. SolidWorks was used as a CAD program with the help of Abaqus 6.9-1.

Results

In the in-vitro experiment, the Microhead type implant gives a higher maximum temperature than that of the Bra®nemark type, which is attributed to high frictional heat that is associated with the implant shape. In both types, an Eriksson threshold was observed at torques of 50 Ncm (Bra®nemark type) and 35 Ncm (Microthread type), respectively. Based on these findings, the Microthread type implant is more affected by insertion torques.

Conclusion

This study demonstrate that a proper choice of insertion torque is important when using a specific type of implant. In particular, for the Microthread type implant, possible bone damage may be expected as a result of frictional heat, which compensates for initial high success rate of fixation. Therefore, the insertion torque should be adjusted for each implant design. Furthermore, the operation skills should be carefully chosen for each implant type and insertion torque. (J Korean Acad Prosthodont 2011;49:168-76)

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Fig. 1.
Bra®nemark type and Microthread type implants used in the experiment.
jkap-49-168f1.tif
Fig. 2.
Schematic presentation of thermocouple position. A: Bra®nemark type (d = 2.8 ± 0.05), B: Microthread type (d = 3.05 ± 0.05).
jkap-49-168f2.tif
Fig. 3.
In vitro conditions. A: temperature controller, B: constant temperature bath C: thermocouple and data logger, D: bone drilling procedure.
jkap-49-168f3.tif
Fig. 4.
3 dimensional FEM model.
jkap-49-168f4.tif
Fig. 5.
Linear regression analysis of Bra®nemark type and Microthread type implant.
jkap-49-168f5.tif
Fig. 6.
Temperature changes with different insertion torques at the Bra®nemark type. A: 25, B: 35, C: 50, D: 75, E: 100 N.
jkap-49-168f6.tif
Fig. 7.
Temperature changes with different insertion torques at the Microthread type. A: 25, B: 35, C: 50, D: 75, E: 100 N.
jkap-49-168f7.tif
Table 1.
Heat flux according to time and position
  Heat flux Boundary condition
Upper part condition Q = μ W×cos θ a×t×cos α α 60×sin θ Z ≥ 2πr×t×(RPM)
  Q = 0 Z < 2πr×t×(RPM) 60×sin θ
Lower part condition Q = 0 All area

W: insertion torque, Q = μ Lv: heat flux, μ : coefficient of kinetic friction, p: pitch of screw thread, r: Implant radius, L: normal force per unit area at screw thread of bone, (RPM): Revolutions per minute of implant, t: time(second), a: width of screw thread, v: linear velocity of a point on implant screw thread.

Table 2.
Maximum temperatures recorded at the 0.2 mm distance with bovin bone (℃)
  4.5 Bra®nemark type 4.8 microthread type
Initial temperature High Initial temperature high
1st 32.3 40.3 33.1 38.7
2nd 31.7 44.1 31.2 48.7
3rd 33.4 41.8 33.3 45.8
4th 32.4 40.9 30.8 40.8
5th 31.8 32.8 32 49.2
6th 33.3 32.3 33.2 50.7
7th 31.6 39.8 31.8 48.2
8th 31.9 34.5 31.3 86.7
9th 30.8 42.5 31.1 38.7
10th 31.8 38.9 30.8 42.8
Table 3.
Maximum temperature throughout simulation (℃)
  Bra®nemark type Microthread type
25 N 38.5 48
35 N 43.9 57.3
50 N 52 71.1
70 N 62.8 89.6
100 N 79 117.3
Table 4.
Thermal changes of Bra®nemark type implant according to time with sim ulation (at the 0.2 mm distance) (℃
Second 25 N 35 N 50 N 70 N 100 N
0.0001 26.53 26.53 26.53 26.53 26.53
0.4097 26.739 26.822 26.947 27.114 27.622
3.2769 28.641 29.485 30.752 32.44 44.57
6.5537 31.04 32.844 35.55 39.158 39.496
13.1073 29.772 31.068 33.013 35.606 39.503
26.2145 28.245 28.93 29.959 31.33 38.235
86.2145 27.039 27.242 27.547 27.954 35.791
100 27.037 27.24 27.544 27.95 34.469
Table 5.
Thermal changes of microthread type implant according to time with simulation (at the 0.2 mm distance) (℃)
Second 25 N 35 N 50 N 70 N 100 N
0.0001 26.991 26.991 26.991 26.991 26.991
0.4097 27.289 27.408 27.587 27.826 28.184
3.2769 28.387 28.945 29.783 30.9 32.575
6.5537 30.007 31.213 33.023 35.436 39.055
13.1073 34.168 37.039 41.346 47.088 55.701
26.2145 31.675 33.549 36.36 40.108 45.729
86.2145 28.476 29.07 29.962 31.15 32.933
100 28.325 28.858 29.659 30.726 32.327
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