The effect of fluoridation on discoloring of bleached teeth

Hyang-Ah Jang; Kyu-Won Suh; Jae-Jun Ryu

doi:10.4047/jkap.2009.47.3.257

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Jang, Suh, and Ryu: The effect of fluoridation on discoloring of bleached teeth

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

J Korean Acad Prosthodont 2009;47(3):257-265.

Published online: 18 December 2009

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4047/jkap.2009.47.3.257

The effect of fluoridation on discoloring of bleached teeth

Hyang-Ah Jang, DDS¹, Kyu-Won Suh, MSD, DDS, PhD², Jae-Jun Ryu, DDS, MSD, PhD^2,^∗

^¹Graduate student, Department of Esthetic Restorative Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Korea University, Korea

^²Professor, Department of Esthetic Restorative Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Korea University, Korea

Corresponding Author: Jae-Jun Ryu Korea University Ansan Hospital, Gojan 1-dong, Danwon-Gu, Kyunggi-Do, 425-707, Korea +82 31 412 5370: e-mail, koprosth@unitel.co.kr

Received 12 November 200823 January 2009 Accepted 25 June 2009

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Statement of problem & Purpose

To study the effect of different fluoridation methods after in-office bleaching on the color of teeth during severe staining with coffee.

Material and methods

44 specimens were randomly divided into four groups. Group 1 (no bleaching, no fluoride, coffee) was served as control for the influence of coffee on the color of untreated teeth. Group 2, 3 and 4 were undergone bleaching with 35% H2O2 for 30 minutes a day on 3 consecutive days. Group 2 was remained without fluoridation. Group 3 and 4 were fluoridated for 1 hour with either Cavity shield^® or pH 7 Gel^®. All of groups were immersed in coffee solution for 7 days. Color determination was accomplished using the spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade^®).

Results

△L and △h increased, whereas △C decreased in the bleached groups. Pairwise comparisons with Tukey's HSD showed that there were statistically significant differences for △L and △h between the bleached groups and the non-bleached group (P < .05). △L and △h decreased continuously, while △C showed an increase after a decrease in all of groups during immersion in coffee solution. After immersion in coffee solution for 7 days there were no statistically significant differences for △L, △C and △h between the groups (P > .05). Also there were no statistically significant differences for △L, △C and △h between the group 3 treated with Cavity shield^® and the group 4 treated with pH 7 Gel^® (P > .05).

Conclusion

It was concluded that fluoridation was not beneficial to the prevention of extrinsic stains after bleaching. (J Korean Acad Prosthodont 2009;47:257-65)

Keywords: bleaching, fluoridation, discoloring, spectrophotometer

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Fig. 1.

VITA Easyshade^® (VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Sa ¨kingen, Germany).

Fig. 2.

△L-values during the experiment. Investigation No.1; Baseline, No.2; After bleaching, No.3; Coffee immersion for 1 day, No.4; Coffee immersion for 3 days, No.5; Coffee immersion for 5 days, No.6; Coffee immersion for 7 days.

Fig. 3.

△C-values during the experiment. Investigation No.1; Baseline, No.2; After bleaching, No.3; Coffee immersion for 1 day, No.4; Coffee immersion for 3 days, No.5; Coffee immersion for 5 days, No.6; Coffee immersion for 7 days.

Fig. 4.

△h-values during the experiment. Investigation No.1; Baseline, No.2; After bleaching, No.3; Coffee immersion for 1 day, No.4; Coffee immersion for 3 days, No.5; Coffee immersion for 5 days, No.6; Coffee immersion for 7 days.

Table I.

Experimental grouping (N = 44)

Group	Sample	Bleaching agent	Topical fluoride	Coffee solution
1	11	None	None	Done
2	11	35% hydrogen peroxide	None	Done
3	11	35% hydrogen peroxide	5% NaF, Cavity shield^®	Done
4	11	35% hydrogen peroxide	2% NaF, pH 7 Gel^®	Done

Table II.

Difference of lightness (△L) during the experiment

Investigation	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4
Baseline	0	0	0	0
After bleaching	-0.31 ± 1.82	8.09 ± 3.78	9.08 ± 3.90	9.54 ± 2.02
Coffee immersion for 1 day	-8.72 ± 3.36	-4.01 ± 3.13	-5.35 ± 3.13	-4.70 ± 2.66
Coffee immersion for 3 days	-12.69 ± 3.44	-11.29 ± 3.16	-11.37 ± 3.04	-10.06 ± 3.10
Coffee immersion for 5 days	-14.99 ± 4.07	-13.04 ± 4.60	-13.84 ± 2.84	-13.40 ± 3.03
Coffee immersion for 7 days	-15.03 ± 3.50	-14.37 ± 4.57	-14.57 ± 4.36	-13.74 ± 3.58

Table III.

Difference of Chroma (△C) during the experiment

Investigation	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4
Baseline	0	0	0	0
After bleaching	0.25 ± 1.52	-3.25 ± 2.66	-2.53 ± 3.64	-5.05 ± 3.97
Coffee immersion for 1 day	-2.41 ± 2.79	-4.48 ± 4.80	-1.30 ± 5.74	-4.59 ± 3.28
Coffee immersion for 3 day	-3.00 ± 2.20	-5.53 ± 5.10	-5.82 ± 6.38	-6.20 ± 4.61
Coffee immersion for 5 day	-1.07 ± 2.76	-2.50 ± 5.33	-2.67 ± 5.50	-2.42 ± 4.63
Coffee immersion for 7 day	-1.53 ± 2.97	-1.61 ± 3.75	-2.35 ± 5.15	-1.78 ± 4.65

Table IV.

Difference of hue (△h) during the experiment

Investigation	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4
Baseline	0	0	0	0
After bleaching	-0.38 ± 0.75	2.08 ± 1.68	2.07 ± 1.74	2.93 ± 1.39
Coffee immersion for 1 day	-1.07 ± 1.67	-0.75 ± 2.29	-2.42 ± 3.01	-0.11 ± 1.94
Coffee immersion for 3 day	-2.65 ± 1.53	-2.67 ± 3.11	-2.07 ± 3.08	-1.98 ± 2.71
Coffee immersion for 5 day	-4.80 ± 2.25	-4.90 ± 3.50	-4.34 ± 3.70	-5.28 ± 2.59
Coffee immersion for 7 day	-4.99 ± 1.64	-5.15 ± 3.75	-4.87 ± 2.96	-5.02 ± 2.44

Table V.

Repeated Measures ANOVA of △L

Multivariate test of △L
Effect		Value	F	Hypothesis df	Error df	Sig.
Time	Pillai's trace	0.98	465.81	5	36	0.000
	Wilks's Lamda	0.02	465.81	5	36	0.000
	Hotelling's trace	64.70	465.81	5	36	0.000
	Roy's greatest root	64.70	465.81	5	36	0.000
Time	Pillai's trace	0.96	3.60	15	114	0.000
∗	Wilks's Lamda	0.20	5.37	15	99.8	0.000
Group	Hotelling's trace	3.33	7.69	15	104	0.000
	Roy's greatest root	3.08	23.39	5	38	0.000
∗ P value of Mauchly's Test of Sphericity is lower than 0.05.
Test of between-subjects effect of △L
Source	Type III sum of squares		df	Mean square	F	Sig.
Intercept		1421670	1	1421669.993	10623.32729	0.000
Group		65.79121	3	21.93040404	0.163873375	0.920
Error		5353.012	40	133.825303

Table VI.

Repeated Measures ANOVA of △C

Multivariate test of △C
Effect		Value	F	Hypothesis df	Error df	Sig.
Time	Pillai's trace	0.9	48.8	5	36	0.000
	Wilks's Lamda	0.1	48.8	5	36	0.000
	Hotelling's trace	6.8	48.8	5	36	0.000
	Roy's greatest root	6.8	48.8	5	36	0.000
Time	Pillai's trace	0.9	3.2	15	114	0.000
∗	Wilks's Lamda	0.3	3.7	15	99.8	0.000
Group	Hotelling's trace	1.8	4.1	15	104	0.000
	Roy's greatest root	1.3	10.2	5	38	0.000
∗ P value of Mauchly's Test of Sphericity is lower than 0.05.
Test of between-subjects effect of △C
Source	Type III sum of squares		df	Mean square	F	Sig.
Intercept	369601.8		1	369601.83	6207.33	0.00
Group	129.4124		3	43.14	0.72	0.54
Error	2381.711		40	59.54277273

Table VII.

Repeated Measures ANOVA of △h

Multivariate test of △h
Effect		Value	F	Hypothesis df	Error df	Sig.
Time	Pillai's trace	0.94	107.07	5	36	0.000
	Wilks's Lamda	0.06	107.07	5	36	0.000
	Hotelling's trace	14.87	107.07	5	36	0.000
	Roy's greatest root	14.87	107.07	5	36	0.000
Time	Pillai's trace	1.08	4.27	15	114	0.000
∗	Wilks's Lamda	0.23	4.71	15	99.8	0.000
Group	Hotelling's trace	2.13	4.93	15	104	0.000
	Roy's greatest root	1.33	10.09	5	38	0.000
∗ P value of Mauchly's Test of Sphericity is lower than 0.05.
Test of between-subjects effect of △h
Source	Type III sum of squares		df	Mean square	F	Sig.
Intercept	1759100		1	1759100.38	39594.361	0.000
Group	40.51242		3	13.50	0.304	0.822
Error	1777.122		40	44.43

Table VIII.

One-way ANOVA table for △L, △C, △h after bleaching

Variable		Sum of squares	df	Mean square	F	Sig.
△L	Between groups	712.14	3	237.38	25.683527	0.000
	Within groups	369.7	40	9.2425
	Total	1081.84	43
△C	Between groups	160.0061	3	53.33538	5.5632495	0.003
	Within groups	383.4836	40	9.587091
	Total	543.4898	43
△h	Between groups	67.34614	3	22.44871	10.759497	0.000
	Within groups	83.45636	40	2.086409
	Total	150.8025	43

Table IX.

Tukey's HSD for pairwise comparison between groups; After bleaching, Numbers represent P-values

Comparison	Immersion in coffee solution for 7 days
Comparison	△L	△C	△h
Group 1 - Group 2	0.000	0.104	0.001
Group 1 - Group 3	0.000	0.221	0.002
Group 1 - Group 4	0.000	0.051	0.000
Group 2 - Group 3	0.829	0.946	0.999
Group 2 - Group 4	0.313	0.529	0.523
Group 3 - Group 4	0.807	0.238	0.514

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