Journal List > J Korean Acad Prosthodont > v.46(6) > 1034554

Lee, Han, Yang, Lee, and Kim: THE ASSESSMENT OF ABUTMENT SCREW STABILITY BETWEEN THE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL HEXAGONAL JOINT UNDER CYCLIC LOADING

Abstract

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Currently, many implant systems are developed and divided into two types according to their joint connection: external or internal connection. Regardless of the connection type, screw loosening is the biggest problem in implant-supported restoration.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study is to assess the difference in stability of abutment screws between the external and internal hexagonal connection types under cyclic loading.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Each of the 15 samples of external implants and internal abutments were tightened to 30 N/cm with a digital torque gauge, and cemented with a hemispherical metal cap. Each unit was then mounted in a 30° inclined jig. Then each group was divided into 2 sub-groups based on different periods of cyclic loading with the loading machine (30 N/ cm - 300 N/cm,14 Hz: first group 1 × 106, 5 × 106 cyclic loading; second group 3 × 106, 3 × 106 for a total cyclic loading of 6 × 106) The removal torque value of the screw before and after cyclic loading was checked. SPSS statistical software for Windows was used for statistical analysis. Group means were calculated and compared by ANOVA, independent t-test, and paired t-test with α= 0.05.

RESULTS

In the external hexagonal connection, the difference between the removal torque value of the abutment screw before loading, the value after 1 × 106 cyclic loading, and the value after 1 × 106, and additional 5 × 106 cyclic loading was not significant. The difference between the removal torque value after 3 × 106 cyclic loading and after 3 × 106, and additional 3 × 106 cyclic loading was not significant. In the internal hexagonal connection, the difference between the removal torque value before loading and the value after 1 × 106 cyclic loading was not significant, but the value after 1 × 106, and additional 5 × 106 cyclic loading was reduced and the difference was significant (P < .05). In addition, in the internal hexagonal connection, the difference between the removal torque value after 3 × 106 cyclic loading and the value after 3 × 106, and additional 3 × 106 cyclic loading was not significant.

CONCLUSION

The external hexagonal connection was more stable than the internal hexagonal connection after 1 × 106, and additional 5 × 106 cyclic loading (t = 10.834, P < .001). There was no significant difference between the two systems after 3 × 106, and additional 3 × 106 cycles.

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Fig. 1.
The specially customized metal cap; hemisphere shape in order to transmit the applied load to the center of abutment.
jkap-46-561f1.tif
Fig. 2.
Digital torque gauge (MGT12.mark-10. corp. USA). All abutment screws were tightened to 30 N/cm ± 0.5 N/cm with this digital torque gauge and the removal torque values of the screws were recorded.
jkap-46-561f2.tif
Fig. 3.
Schematic diagram of the specimen. The load was applied on the hemispheric metal cap at 30° and the distance was 11 mm from the exposed position of the fixture to the center of the hemisphere.
jkap-46-561f3.tif
Fig. 4.
The specimen is mounted in the customized jig with 30° inclined plane to be loaded with load machine (Instron model 8871. USA).
jkap-46-561f4.tif
Fig. 5.
Group A, B Group A: External hexagonal connection of the abutment and fixture (Left). Group B: Internal hexagonal connection of the abutment and fixture (Right).
jkap-46-561f5.tif
Table I.
Materials of tested specimens
group Implant fixture Abutment
Group A implant fixtures of 4.0 mm (∅) × 11.5 mm (L) external hexagonal connection (USⅡ, OSSTEM Co., Ltd, Korea) US cemented abutments hex regular 5.0[∅], 1.0[G/H], 5.5 mm[H] (GSⅡ, OSSTEM Co., Ltd, Korea)
Group B implant fixtures of 4.0 mm (∅) × 11.5 mm (L) internal 11-degree hexagonal connection (GSⅡ, OSSTEM Co., Ltd, Korea) transfer abutment hex standard 5.0[∅], 3.0[G/H], 5.5 mm[H], 11-degree hexagonal connection (GSⅡ, OSSTEM Co., Ltd, Korea)
Abutment screw Ti-alloy : 90% Ti, 6% Al, 4% Vn (OSSTEM Co., Ltd, Korea)
Table II.
Assessment of the removal torque value in Group A-a and Group A-b after cyclic loading
Group Cyclic loading Mean removal torque value (N/cm) SD t/p value
A-a Before loading 30.16 0.21 1.801/.080
1 × 106 19.05 1.11 -.793/.433
1 × 106, and additional 5 × 106 17.79 1.28 1.664/.104
Before loading 30.22 0.19 1.040/.306
A-b 3 × 106 19.36 0.64 -1.065/.295
3 × 106, and additional 3 × 106 18.78 0.25 -.197/.845
Table III.
Comparison of the removal torque value after total 6 × 106 cyclic loading between Group A-a and Group A-b
Group Cyclic loading Mean removal torque value (N/cm) SD t/p value
A-a 1 × 106, and additional 5 × 106 17.79 1.28  
A-b 3 × 106, and additional 3 × 106 18.78 0.25 -1.673/.118
Table IV.
Assessment of the removal torque value in Group B-a and Group B-b after cyclic loading
Group Cyclic loading Mean removal torque value (N/cm) SD t/p value
  Before loading 30.32 0.31 .875/.397
B-a 1 × 106 19.29 1.28 -1.239/.223
  1 × 106, and additional 5 × 106 11.40 1.25 14.096∗∗∗/.000
  Before loading 30.18 0.53 1.206/.236
B-b 3 × 106 18.84 1.09 -.278/.783
  3 × 106, and additional 3 × 106 18.20 0.91 .666/.510

∗∗∗ = significantly different (P < .001)

Table V
. Comparison of the removal torque value after total 6 × 106 cyclic loading between Group A-a and Group A-b
Group Cyclic loading Mean removal torque value (N/cm) SD t/p value
B-a 1 × 106, and additional 5 × 106 11.4 1.25  
B-b 3 × 106, and additional 3 × 106 18.2 0.91 -10.694∗∗∗/.000

∗∗∗ = significantly different (P < .001)

Table VI.
Comparison of the removal torque value after cyclic loading between Group A and Group B
Cyclic loading Group Mean removal torque value (N/cm) SD t/p value
1 × 106 A-a 19.05 1.11 -0.463
B-a 19.29 1.28 /.654
1 × 106, and additional 5 × 106 A-a 17.79 1.28 10.834∗∗∗
B-a 11.40 1.25 /.000
3 × 106 A-b 19.36 0.64 .808
B-a 18.84 1.09 /.465
3 × 106, and additional 3 × 106 A-b 18.78 0.26 1.329
B-a 18.20 0.91 /.255

∗∗∗ = significantly different (P < .001)

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