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Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are responsible for many of the characteristic symptoms of the common cold, such as a sore throat, runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, and coughing. However, despite the high detection rate in children, most HRV infections are asymptomatic. As a result, these viruses are generally ignored, even though a close association between HRV infections in early life and the subsequent induction of asthma has been reported. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further research into HRV diagnostics, treatments, epidemiology, and vaccines. This review describes recent studies of HRVs, including their genomic diversity, surveillance systems, taxonomy, and immune responses, as well as vaccines.
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Figure 1.
Compensatory substitution and conservation of the two-dimensional structure of SL-IVc in the human rhinovirus 5′ internal ribosome entry site. This figure has been reproduced from a published study (32).
Table 1.
Distributions of human rhinovirus (HRV) species throughout the world. Frequencies were compared using the chi-square test in SPSS v. 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA)
| N (%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Area | Country (reference) | Years | Sample | HRV type (%) | χ2 | ||
| A | B | C | |||||
| Northeast Asia | Korea (36) | 2008~2009 | ARTIs and SLRTIs | 52 (49.04) | 5 (4.81) | 48 (46.15) | |
| China (Beijing) (39) | 2007~2008 | Pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia | 51 (51.52) | 10 (10.10) | 38 (38.38) | ||
| Mongolia (45) | 2008~2013 | ARTIs | 52 (44.44) | 12 (10.26) | 53 (45.30) | ||
| Southeast Asia | China (Hong Kong) (38) | 2004~2005 | ARTIs | 111 (50.45) | 18 (8.18) | 91 (41.36) | |
| Thailand (40) | 2006~2007 | LRTIs | 29 (33.33)∗∗ | 8 (9.19) | 50 (57.47)∗∗ | ||
| Africa | Kenya (Kilifi) (41) | 2007~2009 | ILI symptoms | 14 (53.84) | 3 (11.53) | 9 (34.61) | 44.121∗∗ |
| Tanzania (42) | 2008 | ARTIs | 126 (51.63) | 42 (17.21)∗∗∗ | 76 (31.14)∗∗ | ||
| Europe | Cyprus (46) | 2010~2013 | ARTIs | 36 (52.94) | 5 (7.35) | 27 (39.70) | |
| France (43) | 2009~2010 | ILI symptoms (non-IFV and RSV infection) | 33 (52.38) | 4 (6.35) | 24 (38.09) | ||
| North America | Mexico (44) | LRTIs: 2010~2011 URTIs: 2011~2012 | LRTIs and URTIs | 67 (57.76) | 4 (3.45)∗ | 45 (38.79) | |
| South America | Peru (47) | 2009~2011 | ARTIs | 104 (50.24) | 20 (9.66) | 83 (40.10) | |
| Total | 708 (52.44) | 135 (10.00) | 561 (41.56) | ||||
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