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Dinkov, Stratev, Balkanska, Sergelidis, and Vashin: Reduction Effect of Royal Jelly and Rape Honey Alone and in Combination Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Strains
Original Article

J Bacteriol Virol 2016;46(1):36-43.

Published online: 9 February 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2016.46.1.36

Reduction Effect of Royal Jelly and Rape Honey Alone and in Combination Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Strains

Dinko Dinkov1, ∗, Deyan Stratev1, Ralitsa Balkanska2, Daniel Sergelidis3, Ivan Vashin1

1Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Veterinary Legislation and Management, Trakia University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria

2Department of Special Branches – Bees, Institute of Animal Science, Kostinbrod, Bulgaria

3School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

∗Corresponding author: Dinko Dinkov, PhD. Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Veterinary Legislation and Management, Trakia University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria. Phone: +35942699539, Fax: +3594257002, e-mail: dinkodinkov@abv.bg

Received 5 January 20161 February 2016       Accepted 5 February 2016

Copyright © 2016 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Multidrug resistant and methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is involved in severe difficult to treat skin and soft tissue infections in humans. In the present study the antibacterial reduction effect of royal jelly (RJ), rape honey (RH), as well as in combination (RJ:RH, 1:100 w/w) against multidrug resistant MRSA strains was evaluated by means of a microbiological method " in vitro". Royal jelly and rape honey mixture possessed a higher antibacterial activity than rape honey. The concentrations of royal jelly (20 and 30% v/v) had a total inhibitory effect against tested MRSA strains. Royal jelly alone and in rape honey mix (RJ:RH, 1:100 w/w) have a potential as alternative therapeutics against MRSA strains, resistant for antibiotics.

Keywords: Bee honey, Royal jelly, Antibacterial activity, Methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

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Table 1.
Physicochemical parameters of rape honey
Parameters Mean SD Maximum Minimum
Water content (%) 16.8 0.2108 17 16.6
Free acidity (meq.kg-1) 36.3 1.1595 38 35
рH 3.232 0.01032 3.25 3.22
Conductivity (mS.cm–1) 0.128 0.00105 0.13 0.127
Diastase activity (Ghote), (DN) 12.9 0.1051 13.1 12.8
Hydroxymethilfurfurol (HMF), (mg.kg-1) 14.89 0.3528 15.36 14.4
Invertase activity (IN) 10.643 0.0241 10.69 10.62
Specific optical rotation, [α] D 20 (-) 12 0.8164 (-) 13 (-) 11
Table 2.
Physicochemical characteristics of royal jelly
Parameters Mean SD Maximum Minimum
Water content (%) 62.7 1.43452 63.7 60.2
pH 3.97 0.07776 4.06 3.78
Total acidity (ml 0.1n NaOH/g) 4.08 0.38084 4.51 3.31
Electrical conductivity (μS/cm) 197 14.0791 224 180
Proteins (%) 16.94 1.37065 19.36 14.81
Fructose (%) 4.83 0.75832 6.19 3.59
Glucose (%) 3.85 0.99522 5.65 2.7
Sucrose (%) 1.70 0.86652 4.25 0.64
Table 3.
Experimental data for dilutions of 0.5 McFarland standard and isolation rate of tested MRSA strains on Baird Parker agar with 0.01 and 0.0025% w/v potassium telluride
Dilution of 0.5 McFarland standard % potassium telluride MRSA t127 CFU (0.1 ml) MRSA t548 CFU (0.1 ml) MRSA t4038 CFU (0.1 ml)
10-1 0.0025% > 107 > 107 > 107
  0.01% > 107 > 107 > 107
10-2 0.0025% > 106 > 106 > 106
  0.01% > 106 > 106 > 106
10-3 0.0025% > 105 > 105 > 105
  0.01% 284 / 125 > 105 > 105
10-4 0.0025% 165 / 185 388 / 369 349 / 336
  0.01% 98 / 82 176 / 173 3 / 3
10-5 0.0025% 45 / 36 59 / 31 45 / 33
  0.01% 6 / 4 18 / 17 2 / 0
10-6 0.0025% 8 / 3 7 / 4 6 / 2
  0.01% 0 / 0 1 / 0 0 / 0
10-7 0.0025% 1 / 0 1 / 0 0 / 0
  0.01% 0 / 0 0 / 0 0 / 0
Table 4.
Calculation and convertion to logarithmic CFU /ml for positive controls
Dilution Mean values from 2 Petri dishes Mean from two experiments CFU/ml log CFU/ml
1st experiment 2nd experiment
MRSA spa type t127
Positive control (contamination)
10-4 216 229 222.5 2.2 × 103 3.34
Positive control (10-4) after incubation for 24 h
10-5 146 169 157.5 1.6 × 108 8.2
10-6 Uncountable - - - -
MRSA spa type t548
Positive control (contamination)
10-4 148 152 150 1.5 × 103 3.17
Positive control (10-4) after incubation for 24 h
10-5 62 78 70 0.7 × 108 7.85
10-6 Uncountable - - - -
MRSA spa type t4038 Positive control (contamination)
10-4 155 170 162.5 1.6 × 103 3.2
Positive control (10-4) after incubation for 24 h
10-5 91 96 93.5 9.35 × 107 7.97
10-6 Uncountable - - - -
Table 5.
Antibacterial activity of Rape Honey (RP), Royal Jelly (RJ) and mix RJ:RH (1:100) at several concentrations in Tryptone Soy broth (TSB) against MRSA t127
Substance Positive control Concentration Counts after first experiment (24 h) Counts after second experiment (48 h)
Initial inoculum Count after 24 h
      10% >8 log CFU/ml >8 log CFU/ml
RH 3.34 log CFU/ml 8.2 log CFU/ml 20% 30% >8 log CFU/ml 3.53 CFU/ml >8 log CFU/ml 1.39 CFU/ml
      40% 0 0
      10% >8 log CFU/ml >8 log CFU/ml
RJ 3.34 log CFU/ml 8.2 log CFU/ml 20% 0 0
      30% 0 0
      10% >8 log CFU/ml >8 log CFU/ml
RJ:RH (1:100) 3.34 log CFU/ml 8.2 log CFU/ml 20% 30% 3.58 log CFU/ml 0 2.11 log CFU/ml 0
      40% 0 0
Table 6.
Antibacterial activity of Rape Honey (RP), Royal Jelly (RJ) and mix RJ:RH (1:100) at several concentrations in Tryptone Soy broth (TSB) against MRSA t548
Substance Positive control Concentration Counts after first experiment (24 h) Counts after second experiment (48 h)
Initial inoculum Count after 24 h
      10% >7 log CFU/ml >7 log CFU/ml
RH 3.17 log CFU/ml 7.85 log CFU/ml 20% 30% >7 log CFU/ml >7 log CFU/ml >7 log CFU/ml >7 log CFU/ml
      40% 3.54 log CFU/ml >7 log CFU/ml
      10% 0 0
RJ 3.17 log CFU/ml 7.85 log CFU/ml 20% 0 0
      30% 0 0
      10% >7 log CFU/ml >7 log CFU/ml
RJ:RH (1:100) 3.17 log CFU/ml 7.85 log CFU/ml 20% 30% >7 log CFU/ml >7 log CFU/ml >7 log CFU/ml >7 log CFU/ml
      40% 0 3.47 log CFU/ml
Table 7.
Antibacterial activity of Rape Honey (RP), Royal Jelly (RJ) and mix RJ:RH (1:100) at several concentrations in Tryptone Soy broth (TSB) against MRSA t4038
Substance Positive control Concentration Counts after first experiment (24 h) Counts after second experiment (48 h)
Initial inoculum Count after 24 h
      10% >7 log CFU/ml 3.47 log CFU/ml
RH 3.2 log CFU/ml 7.97 log CFU/ml 20% 30% >7 log CFU/ml 3.29 log CFU/ml 3.26 log CFU/ml 0
      40% 0 0
      10% 0 0
RJ 3.2 log CFU/ml 7.97 log CFU/ml 20% 0 0
      30% 0 0
      10% >7 log CFU/ml >7 log CFU/ml
RJ:RH (1:100) 3.2 log CFU/ml 7.97 log CFU/ml 20% 30% 0 0 0 0
      40% 0 0
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