Antiviral Activity of Corylus heterophylla Fisch Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection

Jae-Sook Lee; Dur-Han Kwon; Hyea-Suk Song; Hwa-Jung Choi; Kyungah Yoon

doi:10.4167/jbv.2016.46.3.159

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Lee, Kwon, Song, Choi, and Yoon: Antiviral Activity of Corylus heterophylla Fisch Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection

Original Article

J Bacteriol Virol 2016;46(3):159-166.

Published online: 9 February 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2016.46.3.159

Antiviral Activity of Corylus heterophylla Fisch Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection

Jae-Sook Lee¹, Dur-Han Kwon², Hyea-Suk Song³, Hwa-Jung Choi^1,^∗, Kyungah Yoon^4,^∗

¹Department of Beauty Science, Kwangju Women's University, Gwangju, Korea

²Department of Health Administration, Kwangju Women's University, Gwangju, Korea

³Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheong-ju, Chungbuk, Korea

⁴Department of Clinical Pathology, Daejeon Health Sciences College, Daejeon, Korea

Hwa-Jung Choi and Kyungah Yoon contributed equally to this paper.

^∗Corresponding author: Kyungah Yoon, PhD. Department of Clinical Pathology, Daejeon Health Sciences College, Daejeon 34504, Korea. Phone: +82-42-670-9166, Fax: +82-42- 670-9582, e-mail: artemis3993@gmail.com

^∗Corresponding author: Hwa-Jung Choi, PhD. Department of Beauty Science, Kwangju Women's University, Gwangju 62396, Korea. Phone: +82-62-950-3697, Fax: +82-62-950-3698, e-mail: rerived@kwu.ac.kr

^∗∗ This paper was supported by Daejeon Health Sciences College (grant No. 2014036) in 2014. This paper was supported (in part) by Research Funds of Kwangju Women's University in 2016 (KWUI16-071).

Received 13 July 20161 September 2016 Accepted 13 September 2016

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has recently been shown to cause huge economic losses in the global pork industry. Our results demonstrated that the extract dose-dependently inhibited the replication of PEDV and reduced the visible cytopathic effect (CPE). Treatment with C. heterophylla Fisch extract resulted in marked reduction of PEDV-induced cytokine and chemokine expression. The antiviral activity of C. heterophylla Fisch extract on PEDV replication was found to be primarily exerted at the early stages after infection. Taken together, our data indicate that C. heterophylla Fisch extract may be a good therapeutic agent for use against PEDV and also a potential candidate to be evaluated against other human and animal coronaviruses.

Keywords: Corylus heterophylla Fisch, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), Antiviral activity

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Figure 1.

The effects of C. heterophylla Fisch extract on PEDV-induced CPE. Morphological assessment of PEDV-infected Vero cells following treatment with C. heterophylla Fisch extract. (A) Non-infected cells; (B) non-infected cells treated with C. heterophylla Fisch extract 10 μg/ml; (C) non-infected cells treated with C. heterophylla Fisch extract 50 μg/ml; (D) PEDV-infected cells; (E) PEDV-infected cells treated with C. heterophylla Fisch extract 10 μg/ml; (F) PEDV-infected cells treated with C. heterophylla Fisch extract 50 μg/ml.

Figure 2.

The antiviral activity of C. heterophylla Fisch against PEDV. (A) Antiviral activity and (B) Cytotoxicity of C. heterophylla Fisch extract against PEDV in Vero cells. Vero cells were infected with PEDV, after which they were treated with the indicated concentrations (0.4, 2, 10, and 50 μg/ml) of C. heterophylla Fisch extract for 48 h. Antiviral activity was investigated using a CPE reduction assay. Data are presented as means ± S.D. from three independent experiments, each carried out in triplicate. ∗∗∗ p < 0.05 (one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey post hoc test)

Figure 3.

Cytokine and chemokine gene expression levels reduced by C. heterophylla Fisch extract in Vero cells. Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines measured in PEDV-infected Vero cells treated with C. heterophylla Fisch extract 6 h after infection.

Figure 4.

Time-of-addition effect of C. heterophylla Fisch on PEDV replication in Vero cells. C. heterophylla Fisch extract at 10 μg/ml was added either before (-1 h), during (0 h), or after (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h) PEDV infection. After 2 d, inhibition was evaluated using the SRB method and was expressed as the inhibition rate. Each value is the result of mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments.

Table 1.

Antiviral activity of C. heterophylla Fisch extract against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in Vero cells

Test material	CC₅₀^a	IC₅₀^b	TI^c
C. heterophylla Fish	> 50	2.87 ± 0.53	17.42

Results are presented as the mean IC₅₀ values obtained from three independent experiments carried out in triplicate ± S.D.

^a Concentration required to inhibit virus-induced CPE by 50%(µg/ml).

^b Concentration required to reduce cell growth by 50% (µg/ml).

^c Therapeutic index = CC₅₀/IC₅₀.

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