Interplay between Intestinal Microbiota and Host Immune System

Sarkis K. Mazmanian; Yun Kyung Lee

doi:10.4167/jbv.2014.44.1.1

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Mazmanian and Lee: Interplay between Intestinal Microbiota and Host Immune System

Review Article

J Bacteriol Virol 2014;44(1):1-9.

Published online: 9 February 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2014.44.1.1

Interplay between Intestinal Microbiota and Host Immune System

Sarkis K. Mazmanian, Yun Kyung Lee^*

Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA

^*Corresponding author: Yun Kyung Lee. Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA. Phone: +1-626-395-8980, Fax: +1-626-395-2484, e-mail: bioyk@caltech.edu

Received 6 January 20148 January 2014 Accepted 10 January 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Whether we are aware or not, diverse microorganisms are living on almost all environmentally exposed surfaces on our body without eliciting harmful immune responses. In fact, recent understanding from numerous studies indicates that our health is highly dependent on the contribution of intestinal commensal bacteria. It appears through its symbiotic interaction with the host, which is the result of millions of years of co-evolution, the microbiota shapes the immune system. In this review, we discuss the relationship between host physiology and commensal bacteria and explore the molecular mechanisms by which the adaptive immune system is influenced by the intestinal microbiota.

Keywords: Intestinal microbiota, Dysbiosis, Adaptive immune system, CD4+ T cells

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Figure 1.

Gut dysbiosis are associated with human diseases. The microbiota in the mammal gastrointestinal tract can divide to pathogenic and beneficial bacteria called pathobionts and symbionts respectively. A healthy microbiota contains a balanced composition of pathobionts and symbionts. If there is an unnatural shift in the composition of the gut microbiota, gut dysbiosis, can lead to intestinal inflammation, many other diseases and autoimmune diseases.

Figure 2.

Immunomodulatory members of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites regulate the function of CD4+ T cell subsets. B. fragilis or Clostridium spp. promotes the induction of Tregs in colonic laminar propria via PSA-TLR2 signaling or the secretion of TGFβ1 respectively. SCFAs mediate the proliferation and induction of Treg cells in colon through distinct mechanism; GPR43 or HDAC inhibitory activity. Commensal bacteria derived-extracellular ATP induces the differentiation of Th17 cells in colon. Colonization of SFBs promotes the development of Th17 cells in laminar propria of small intestine by inducing the production of SAA.

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