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Abstract
This study was performed to analyze 6 day-term variations in bacterial communities contaminating the floor of two dry saunas that were operated at 64°C (low temp) and 76°C (high temp). Bacteria were sampled daily from the saunas for 6 days from Monday to Saturday. Genomic DNA was isolated directly from bacteria-collected cotton swabs. The diversity of the bacterial communities collected from the saunas was analyzed using thermal gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE). The total numbers of DNA bands separated by TGGE for bacteria collected from the low temp and high temp sauna were 20 and 18, respectively, during the 6 days. Seven of 20 bacteria in the low temp sauna and eight of 18 bacteria in the high temp sauna were detected more than three times over the 6 experimental days. Twelve of the 26 bacterial genera contaminating the saunas were cross detected. Bacteria belonging to the genera Moraxella and Acinetobacter were selectively detected in the low temp sauna, whereas those belonging to Aquaspirillum, Chromobacterium, Aquabacterium, Gulbenkiania, Pelomonas, and Aquitalea were selectively detected in the high temp sauna. Three species of bacteria contaminating both the low and high temp saunas were thermophile or thermoduric. The results indicate that the sauna-contaminating bacteria may have been transferred from outside the saunas by user traffic but did not inhabit the saunas.
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Figure 1.
Thermal gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) profiles of 16S-rDNA isolated from bacteria that were collected from floors of two different saunas operated at 64°C and 76°C. Each number on electrophoresis gel indicates DNA band originated from a specific bacterial species. Abbreviations: M, Monday; T, Tuesday; W, Wednesday; Th, Thursday; F, Friday; S, Saturday.
Table 1.
Bacterial species identified based on sequence homology of 16S-rDNA extracted from electrophoresis gel (figure 1, 64°C). Thermal gradient gel electrophoresis was performed with the DNA extracted from the bacteria daily collected from low temp sauna from Monday to Saturday.
Table 2.
Bacterial species identified based on sequence homology of 16S-rDNA extracted from electrophoresis gel (figure 1, 76°C). Thermal gradient gel electrophoresis was performed with the DNA extracted from the bacteria collected from high temp sauna from Monday to Saturday.
Table 3.
General characters of bacterial genus or species identified based on sequence homology of DNA extracted from electrophoresis gel (Fig. 1). DNA used for thermal gradient gel electrophoresis was directly extracted from bacteria collected from 64°C and 76°C of dry saunas.
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