RNA Granules and Stress Granules in Virus Systems

Kyongmin Kim

doi:10.4167/jbv.2012.42.3.247

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Kim: RNA Granules and Stress Granules in Virus Systems

Letter to the Editor

Journal of Bacteriology and Virology

Journal of Bacteriology and Virology 2012; 42(3): 247-254.

Published online: 24 September 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2012.42.3.247

RNA Granules and Stress Granules in Virus Systems

Kyongmin Kim

Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.

Corresponding author: Kyongmin Kim. Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Woncheon-dong 5, Suwon 443-721, Korea. Phone: +82-31-219-5072, Fax: +82-31-219-5079, kimkm@ajou.ac.kr

Received 16 July 2012 Revised 17 July 2012 Accepted 23 July 2012

Abstract

Viruses initiate a number of cellular stress responses and modulate gene regulation and compartmentalization of RNA upon infection to be successful parasites. Virus infections may induce or impair stress granule (SG) formation to maximize replication efficiency. SGs and processing bodies (PBs) are the RNA granules, which contain translationally inactive pool of transcripts as the mRNA silencing foci. PBs and SGs, the highly conserved macromolecular aggregates, can release mRNAs to allow their translations. Unlike constitutively existing PBs that can respond to stimuli and affect mRNA translation and decay, SGs are specifically induced upon cellular stress and can triggers a global translational silencing by several pathways, including phosphorylation of the key translation initiation factor eIF2alpha, tRNA cleavage, and sequestration of cellular components and so on. The dynamics of PBs and SGs are regulated by several signaling pathways, including histone deacetylase 6, and depend on microfilaments and microtubules, and the cognate molecular motors myosin, dynein, and kinesin. SGs share features with aggresomes and related aggregates of unfolded proteins and may play a role in the pathology. The recent advances in understanding the relationship between viruses and mRNA stress granules are summarized.

Keywords: Virus infections, Stress granules, Processing bodies, Translation silencing, Microtubule transport

Figures and Tables

Figure 1

Several viruses inhibit stress granule (SG) formations (modified from White and Lloyd. Ref. 1). Sequestrations or cleavage of SG components are illustrated among several mechanisms. The inhibition of SG formations by the interaction of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax protein and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) (dotted box) is emphasized to demonstrate that HDAC6 is required to localize SG by motor proteins associated microtubule transport. Deacetylase activity of HDAC6 may also function in SG assembly.

Table 1

Virus infections may induce or block SG formations (Modified from Thomas et al., Ref. 2)

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