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Jung: Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Chrysanthemum indicum Against Oral Bacteria
Original Article

J Bacteriol Virol 2009;39(2):61-69.

Published online: 18 January 2009

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2009.39.2.61

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Chrysanthemum indicum Against Oral Bacteria

Eun-Kyung Jung∗

Department of Dental Hygiene, Ulsan College, Ulsan, Korea

∗Corresponding author: Prof. Eun-Kyung Jung. Department of Dental Hygiene, Ulsan College, San 160-1 Hwajeong-Dong, Dong-Gu, Ulsan, 682-715, Korea. Phone: +82-52-230-0798, Fax: +82-52-230-0791, e-mail: ekjung@mail.uc.ac.kr

∗∗ This work was supported in part by research funds of Ulsan College.

      Revised 23 January 200923 February 2009       Accepted 24 March 2009

Copyright © 2009 Korean Society for Legal Medicine

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

The chemical components of the essential oil obtained from Chrysanthemum indicum L. were analyzed by GC-MS. Seventy-three compounds accounting for 96.65% of the extracted essential oil were identified. The main compounds in the oil were α-pinene (4.4%), 1,8-cineole (10.4%), α-thujone (6.05%), camphor (10.12%), terpinen-4-ol (3.4%), bornyl acetate (6.1%), borneol (3.6%), cis-chrysanthenol (3.4%), β-caryophyllene (5.1%), germacrene D (10.6%), and α-cadinol (3.0%). The essential oil of C. indicum exhibited stronger antibacterial activity against all oral bacteria tested (MICs, 0.1 to 1.6 mg/ml; MBCs, 0.2 to 3.2 mg/ml) than their major compounds. Furthermore, the MICs/MBCs were reduced to one half ~ one sixteenth as a result of the combinations included the essential oil with ampicillin or gentamicin for all oral bacteria. A strong bactericidal effect was exerted in drug combinations. The in vitro data suggest that the essential oil of C. indicum with other antibiotics may be microbiologically beneficial and synergistic.

Keywords: Chrysanthemum indicum, Essential oil, Antibacterial activity, Oral bacteria

REFERENCES

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Table 1.
Constituents of the essential oil of Chrysanthemum indicum
Compounds RIa RIb C. indicum
Peak Area (%)c
Monoterpene hydrocarbons     (14.88)
Tricyclene 1006 919 0.16
α-Pinene 1012 930 4.40
α-Thujene 1029 924 0.08
Camphene 1071 943 2.14
β-Pinene 1111 966 0.94
Sabinene 1124 965 1.40
Myrcene 1167 984 0.91
α-Terpinene 1184 1007 0.43
Limonene 1196 1021 0.31
α-Phellandren 1212 994 1.40
cis-β-Ocimene 1240 1029 1.10
γ-Terpinene 1247 1050 0.74
trans-β-Ocimene 1257 1035 0.03
p-Cymene 1273 1011 0.83
Terpinolene 1283 1078 0.01
Oxygenated monoterpenes     (52.14)
1,8-Cineole 1215 1023 10.40
α-Terpinolene 1286 1078 0.23
cis-3-Hexen-1-ol 1386 836 0.05
α-Thujone 1423 1080 6.05
β-Thujone 1440 1091 0.32
trans-Sabinene hydrate 1465 1052 0.41
α-Terpinyl acetate 1470 1329 1.63
Chrysanthenone 1508 1096 2.30
Camphor 1517 1124 10.12
Linalool 1546 1106 0.37
Pinocarvone 1562 1134 0.87
cis-Chrysanthenyl acetate 1570 1243 0.40
Bornyl acetate 1578 1265 6.10
Terpinen-4-ol 1601 1158 3.40
Umbellulone 1639 1165 0.70
trans-Chrysanthenyl acetate 1675 1186 0.30
trans-Piperitol 1676 1205 t
α-Terpineol 1701 1169 0.70
Borneol 1703 1150 3.60
Piperitone 1721 1220 0.13
Carvone 1732 1210 0.14
cis-Chrysanthenol 1754 1150 3.40
Myrtenol 1793 1177 0.01
trans-Carveol 1832 1181 0.20
p-Cymen-8-ol 1835 1165 0.21
cis-Carveol 1862 1196 0.10
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons     (22.91)
α-Copaene 1493 1370 0.30
α-Gurjunene 1525 1389 0.10
Berkheyaradulen 1531 1377 0.16
β-Elemene 1589 1381 1.20
β-Caryophyllene 1594 1418 5.10
α-Humulene 1665 1440 0.50
trans-β-Farnesene 1668 1454 0.85
α-Muurolene 1686 1464 0.20
γ-Cadinene 1690 1497 0.20
Germacrene D 1705 1465 10.6
α-Zingiberene 1715 1490 1.30
β-Selinene 1717 1471 0.21
cis,trans-α-Farnesene 1726 1447 0.30
δ-Cadinene 1762 1505 1.50
β-Sesquiphellandrene 1770 1515 0.18
ar-Curcumene 1773 1472 0.21
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes     (5.97)
Caryophyllene oxide 1979 1556 0.78
trans-Nerolidol 2043 1555 0.09
Globulol 2058 1568 0.10
Guaiol 2105 1576 0.20
Spathulenol 2125 1551 0.40
Eugenol 2146 1323 0.11
α-Cedrol 2150 1575 0.06
α-Cadinol 2173 1628 3.00
Torreyol 2179 1619 0.21
T-Muurolol 2234 1615 1.00
cis,trans-Farnesol 2298 1695 0.02
Others     (0.75)
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1236 979 0.07
n-Hexanol 1355 851 0.02
1-Octen-3-ol 1453 969 0.04
Tricosane 2300 2300 0.50
Tetracosane 2400 2400 0.12
Total identified     (96.65%)

a Retention index on a polar Supelcowax 10 column.

b Retention index on an apolar SPB-1 column.

c Peak area percentage is based on a polar Supelcowax 10 column, and values represent average of three determinations.

t Trace (<0.05%)

Table 2.
The essential oil and its major components of C. indicum for some oral bacteria with a few reference strains
Strains Essentail oil α-pinene Camphor 1,8-Cineole Terpinen-4-ol Borneol β-Caryophyllene Ampicillin Gentamicin
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 12.8/12.8< 12.8/12.8< 12.8/12.8< 6.4/6.4 1.6/3.2 0.8/0.8 12.8/12.8< 128/256 × 10–3 4/16 × 10–3
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 0.8/3.2 6.4/12.8 12.8/12.8< 12.8/12.8 1.6/1.6 1.6/3.2 12.8/12.8< 8/16 × 10–3 1/4 × 10–3
Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 0.4/1.6 12.8/12.8< 12.8/12.8< 1.6/3.2 1.6/3.2 1.6/1.6 12.8/12.8< 32/64 × 10–3 2/2 × 10–3
Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 21059 0.4/1.6 12.8/12.8 12.8/12.8< 12.8/12.8 0.8/1.6 0.4/0.8 12.8/12.8 4/8 × 10–3 8/16 × 10–3
Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 0.4/0.8 6.4/12.8 12.8/12.8 12.8/12.8 1.6/3.2 0.8/1.6 3.2/3.2 2/4 × 10–3 4/8 × 10–3
Streptococcus sanguinis ATCC 10556 0.4/0.8 6.4/12.8 6.4/12.8 12.8/12.8 1.6/3.2 1.6/3.2 1.6/3.2 8/32 × 10–3 8/16 × 10–3
Streptococcus sobrinus ATCC 27607 0.4/0.8 12.8/12.8 6.4/12.8 12.8/12.8 1.6/3.2 0.2/0.8 6.4/12.8 2/4 × 10–3 4/8 × 10–3
Streptococcus ratti aKCTC 3294 1.6/3.2 12.8/12.8< 12.8/12.8< 12.8/12.8 3.2/3.2 1.6/6.4 12.8/12.8< 4/8 × 10–3 8/8 × 10–3
Streptococcus criceti KCTC 3292 0.8/1.6 12.8/12.8< 12.8/12.8 12.8/12.8 3.2/3.2 3.2/6.4 12.8/12.8< 2/4 × 10–3 4/8 × 10–3
Streptococcus anginosus ATCC 31412 0.2/0.8 6.4/12.8 6.4/12.8 6.4/6.4 1.6/3.2 0.4/0.8 12.8/12.8< 4/8 × 10–3 8/16 × 10–3
Streptococcus gordonii ATCC 10558 0.2/0.4 3.2/6.4 6.4/12.8 3.2/6.4 0.1/0.2 0.4/0.8 1.6/3.2 1/2 × 10–3 2/4 × 10–3
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 43717 0.2/0.4 6.4/12.8 6.4/12.8 6.4/12.8 1.6/3.2 0.8/1.6 0.8/1.6 64/128 × 10–3 1/2 × 10–3
Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953 0.2/0.4 3.2/3.2 6.4/12.8 3.2/6.4 0.1/0.4 0.1/0.2 6.4/12.8 0.125/0.25 × 10–3 32/32 × 10–3
Prevotella intermedia ATCC 25611 0.2/0.8 0.8/0.8 3.2/3.2 3.2/6.4 0.2/0.4 0.2/0.4 0.8/1.6 8/32 × 10–3 1/1 × 10–3
Porphylomonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 0.1/0.2 0.8/1.6 3.2/6.4 6.4/6.4 0.1/0.4 0.4/0.8 0.4/0.8 1/1 × 10–3 256/512 × 10–3

Data represent as MIC/MBC (mg/ml)

Table 3.
Checkerboard assay of the essential oil of C. indicum and ampicillin against some oral bacteria with a few reference strains
Strains Agent MIC/MBCa FICc FICIc Outcome
Alone Combinationb
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Essential oil Ampicillin 12.8/12.8< 128/256 6.4/6.4 32/128 0.5 0.25 0.75 Additive
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 Essential oil Ampicillin 0.8/3.2 8/16 0.4/0.4 2/4 0.5 0.25 0.75 Additive
Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 Essential oil Ampicillin 0.4/1.6 32/64 0.2/0.4 16/32 0.5 0.5 1 Additive
Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 21059 Essential oil Ampicillin 0.4/1.6 4/8 0.2/0.4 2/2 0.5 0.5 1 Additive
S. mutans ATCC 25175 Essential oil Ampicillin 0.4/0.8 2/4 0.1 /02 0.5/1 0.25 0.25 0.5 Synergistic
S. sanguinis ATCC 10556 Essential oil Ampicillin 0.4/1.6 8/32 0.1/0.2 2/4 0.25 0.25 0.5 Synergistic
S. sobrinus ATCC 27607 Essential oil Ampicillin 0.4/0.8 2/4 0.2/0.2 0.5/1 0.5 0.25 0.75 Additive
S. ratti KCTC 3294 Essential oil Ampicillin 1.6/3.2 4/8 0.4/0.8 1/2 0.25 0.25 0.5 Synergistic
S. criceti KCTC 3292 Essential oil Ampicillin 0.8/1.6 2/4 0.4/0.4 0.5/1 0.5 0.25 0.75 Additive
S. anginosus ATCC 31412 Essential oil Ampicillin 0.2/0.8 4/8 0.05/0.1 0.5/2 0.25 0.125 0.375 Synergistic
S. gordonii ATCC 10558 Essential oil Ampicillin 0.2/0.4 1/2 0.05/0.1 0.025/0.5 0.25 0.25 0.5 Synergistic
A. actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 43717 Essential oil Ampicillin 0.2/0.4 64/128 0.1/0.2 8/16 0.5 0.125 0.625 Additive
F. nucleatum ATCC 10953 Essential oil Ampicillin 0.2/0.4 0.125/0.25 0.05/0.1 0.015/0.031 0.25 0.125 0.375 Synergistic
P. intermedia ATCC 25611 Essential oil Ampicillin 0.2/0.8 8/32 0.05/1 2/4 0.25 0.25 0.5 Synergistic
P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 Essential oil Ampicillin 0.1/0.2 1/1 0.025/0.1 0.25/0.5 0.25 0.25 0.5 Synergistic

a Essential oil MIC/MBC: mg/ml; ampicillin MIC/MBC: μg/ml.

b The checkerboard test as previously described (13). The MICs and MBCs of the essential oil of C. indicum with ampicillin against some oral bacteria with a few reference strains are indicated.

c The interaction was defined as synergistic if the FICI was less than or equal to 0.5, additive if the FICI was greater than 0.5 and less than or equal 1.0, indifferent if the FICI was greater than 1.0 and less than or equal to 2.0, and antagonistic if the FICI was greater than 2.0 (12, 13)

Table 4.
Checkerboard assay of the essential oil of C. indicum and gentamicin against some oral bacteria with a few reference strains
Strains Agent MIC/MBCa FICc FICIc Outcome
Alone Combinationb
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Essential oil Gentamicin 12.8/12.8< 4/16 6.4/6.4 1/2 0.5 0.25 0.75 Additive
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 Essential oil Gentamicin 0.8/3.2 1/4 0.2/0.4 0.25/1 0.25 0.25 0.5 Synergistic
Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 Essential oil Gentamicin 0.4/1.6 2/2 0.2/0.4 0.5/0.5 0.5 0.25 0.75 Additive
Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 21059 Essential oil Gentamicin 0.4/1.6 8/16 0.2/0.2 4/8 0.5 0.5 1 Additive
S. mutans ATCC 25175 Essential oil Gentamicin 0.4/0.8 4/8 0.1/0.2 1/2 0.25 0.25 0.5 Synergistic
S. sanguinis ATCC 10556 Essential oil Gentamicin 0.4/0.8 8/16 0.1/0.2 2/4 0.25 0.25 0.5 Synergistic
S. sobrinus ATCC 27607 Essential oil Gentamicin 0.4/0.8 4/8 0.1/0.2 1/2 0.25 0.25 0.5 Synergistic
S. ratti KCTC 3294 Essential oil Gentamicin 1.6/3.2 8/8 0.4/0.8 4/4 0.25 0.5 0.75 Additive
S. criceti KCTC 3292 Essential oil Gentamicin 0.8/1.6 4/8 0.2/0.4 1/2 0.25 0.25 0.5 Synergistic
S. anginosus ATCC 31412 Essential oil Gentamicin 0.2/0.8 8/16 0.05/0.1 1/4 0.25 0.125 0.375 Synergistic
S. gordonii ATCC 10558 Essential oil Gentamicin 0.2/0.4 2/4 0.05/0.1 0.5/1 0.25 0.25 0.5 Synergistic
A. actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 43717 Essential oil Gentamicin 0.2/0.4 1/2 0.05/0.1 0.125/0.5 0.25 0.125 0.375 Synergistic
F. nucleatum ATCC 10953 Essential oil Gentamicin 0.2/0.4 32/32 0.05/0.1 8/8 0.25 0.25 0.5 Synergistic
P. intermedia ATCC 25611 Essential oil Gentamicin 0.2/0.8 1/1 0.05/0.1 0.25/0.5 0.25 0.25 0.5 Synergistic
P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 Essential oil Gentamicin 0.1/0.2 256/512 0.025/0.05 32/32 0.25 0.125 0.375 Synergistic

a Essential oil MIC/MBC: mg/ml; gentamicin MIC/MBC: μg/ml.

b The checkerboard test as previously described (13). The MICs and MBCs of the essential oil of C. indicum with gentamicin against some oral bacteria with a few reference strains are indicated.

c The interaction was defined as synergistic if the FICI was less than or equal to 0.5, additive if the FICI was greater than 0.5 and less than or equal 1.0, indifferent if the FICI was greater than 1.0 and less than or equal to 2.0, and antagonistic if the FICI was greater than 2.0 (12, 13)

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