Seroepidemiological Studies of Aino Virus Infection in Korean Cattle

Jae-Jin Cho; Yeun-Kyung Shin; Sora Yoon; Soon-Seek Yoon; O-Soo Lee; Jae-Young Song; Hong-Ryul Han

doi:10.4167/jbv.2009.39.4.345

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Cho, Shin, Yoon, Yoon, Lee, Song, and Han: Seroepidemiological Studies of Aino Virus Infection in Korean Cattle

Original Article

J Bacteriol Virol 2009;39(4):345-351.

Published online: 18 January 2009

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2009.39.4.345

Seroepidemiological Studies of Aino Virus Infection in Korean Cattle

Jae-Jin Cho¹, Yeun-Kyung Shin^∗, Sora Yoon, Soon-Seek Yoon, O-Soo Lee, Jae-Young Song, Hong-Ryul Han²

¹Institute for Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point, Anyang, Korea National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Korea

²College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

^∗Corresponding author: Yeun-Kyung Shin Ph.D., National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 480 Anyang-6-dong, Anyang city, Gyeonggi-do 430-757, Korea. Phone: +82-31-467-1784, Fax: +82-31-467-1797 e-mail: shinyk@nvrqs.go.kr

Revised 28 September 200931 October 2009 Accepted 6 November 2009

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Aino virus infection is characterized by abortion, stillbirth, and congenital abnormalities such as arthropgryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome in calves. In Korea, Aino virus infection was first reported in 1997 by researchers who were investigating the cause of newborn calf deformities. Given the incidence of Aino-related deformities, the need for a study of the Aino virus infection status in Korea was recognized. In this study, we investigated the nationwide seroepidemiological status of Aino virus infection. A total of 9,921 serum samples collected between 1993 and 2001, and 23,760 serum samples between 2002 and 2007 were tested using a virus neutralization assay. The seroprevalence of Aino virus was 73.1, 63.8, 44.9, 56.0, 38.5, 28.4 18.3, 19.6, and 23.2%, respectively, between 1993 and 2001, and 43.8, 42.9, 50.7, 55.3, 31.4, and 25.4%, respectively, between 2002 and 2007. Aino virus infection does not pose a major threat to the bovine industry in Korea till now. The future prospects for Aino virus infection in cattle, however, may change with the global warming phenomena. The results of this study may serve as a basis for future epidemiological studies on Aino virus infection.

Keywords: Aino virus infection; Seroprevalence; Virus neutralization assay

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Table 1.

Number of serum samples used in the study

Area	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
Kyonggi	50	50	50	50	50	50	360	365	300
Kangwon	50	50	50	50	50	50	300	304	243
Chungbuk	50	50	50	50	50	50	311	346	285
Chungnam	50	50	50	50	50	50	360	367	296
Jeonbuk	50	50	50	50	50	50	300	300	214
Joennam	50	50	NT	50	50	50	240	240	200
Gyeongbuk	NT∗	50	50	50	50	50	300	300	250
Gyeongnam	50	50	50	50	50	30	300	300	250
Jeju	50	50	40	50	NT^a	30	60	180	150
Total	400	450	390	450	400	410	2,531	2,702	2,188

^a NT: not tested

Table 2.

Seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies against Aino virus from 1993 to 2001

Area	Percent positive (%)
	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
	(400)^a	(450)	(390)	(450)	(400)	(410)	(2,531)	(2,702)	(2,188)
Kyonggi	76.0	70.0	64.0	76.0	32.0	18.0	11.1	7.7	9.0
Kangwon	50.0	32.0	24.0	14.0	26.0	6.0	3.0	6.6	2.5
Chungbuk	98.0	76.0	40.0	38.0	18.0	6.0	11.6	18.8	15.1
Chungnam	86.0	94.0	48.0	74.0	80.0	46.0	30.8	52.0	68.1
Jeonbuk	76.0	88.0	70.0	68.0	20.0	64.0	28.7	34.7	50.5
Joennam	89.0	46.0	NT	74.0	74.0	68.0	41.3	26.7	44.0
Gyeongbuk	NT²⁾	44.0	50.0	38.0	14.0	8.0	16.3	5.3	9.2
Gyeongnam	62.0	88.0	46.0	80.0	44.0	23.3	20.0	17.3	3.2
Jeju	48.0	36.0	17.5	42.0	NT^b	16.7	1.7	7.2	7.3
Total	73.1	63.8	44.9	56.0	38.5	28.4	18.3	19.6	23.2

^a Total number of samples tested.

^b NT: not tested

Table 3.

Seroprevalence against Aino virus in cows from 1999 to 2001

Year	1999		2000		2001
≤2 years	19.3%^a	667^b (129)^c	14.3%	916 (131)	15.4%	794 (122)
3~4 years	21.1%	1,435 (303)	24.0%	1,452 (348)	26.9%	1,029 (277)
5~6 years	28.9%	512 (148)	27.6%	439 (121)	37.9%	369 (140)
≥7 years	46.3%	54 (25)	46.3%	80 (37)	19.2%	52 (10)
Total	22.6%	2,668 (604)	22.1%	2,887 (638)	24.5%	2,244 (549)

^a Positive rate (%) = (number positive / number tested) × 100,

^b Number of samples tested,

^c Number of positive samples

Table 4.

Seroprevalence percentage among cattle in Jeonnam province before and after the vector season

Year	First half of the year (Before vector mosquito season, January to June)			Second half of the year (After vector mosquito season, July to December)			Incidence rates (%)
Year	Number of samples tested	Number of positive samples	Prevalence (%)	Number of samples tested	Number of positive samples	Prevalence (%)	Incidence rates (%)
1995~1996	198	79	39.9	198	123	62.1	22.2^a
1999~2000	600	106	17.7	600	208	34.7	17.0^b
Total	798	185	23.2	798	331	41.5	18.3

^a Chi-square value = 19.6, d.f. = 1, p-value < 0.001,

^b Chi-square value = 44.9, d.f. = 1, p-value < 0.001

Table 5.

Seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies against Aino virus from 2002 to 2007

Year	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
Sample numbers	5,280	5,280	5,280	2,640	2,640	2,640
Percent positive (%)	43.8	42.9	50.7	55.3	31.4	25.4

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