Abstract
To determine the distribution of rotavirus strain genotypes in Gwangju, Korea, we performed reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing analysis using the 115 rotavirus EIA positive stool specimens collected from December 2006 through April 2007. The most predominant genotype was confirmed as G1P[8] (53.9%), followed by G3P[8] (29.6%), G4P[6] (8.7%), G2P[4] (4.3%) and G9P[8] (1.7%). A special attention is drawn to the unusual findings of the genotypes G11P[25] and G12P[9] during this study period. In order to investigate the phylogenetic relationships among the same or different genotypes, the nucleotide sequences of rotavirus circulating in Korea and the foreign countries were analyzed using MegAlign and Clustal X programme. The G11P[25] strain identified in this study showed the highest nucleic acid similarity with G11 /CUK1 /2006 /Korea (99.2%) and P[25] /Dhaka /2001 /BGD (98.7%). Meanwhile, the G12P[9] strain detected in this study shared 99.4~99.5% nucleotide homology with the reference strain G12P[9] /CP1030 /2004 /Japan. This incidence of new rotavirus genotypes in our area illustrates the large diversity of rotavirus strains found worldwide. Therefore, the epidemiological surveillance of rotavirus may need to be continued in a wide geographic area.
REFERENCES
1). Parashar UD., Hummelman EG., Bresee JS., Miller MA., Glass RI. Global illness and deaths caused by rotavirus disease in children. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003. 9:565–72.
2). The pediatric ROTavirus European CommitTee (PROTECT). The paediatric burden of rotavirus disease in Europe. Epidemiol Infect. 2006. 134:908–16.
3). Kim JS., Kang JO., Cho SC., Jang YT., Min SA., Park TH., Nyambat B., Jo DS., Gentsch J., Bresee JS., Mast TC., Kilgore PE. Epidemiological profile of rotavirus infection in the Republic of Korea: results from prospective surveillance in the Jeongeub District, 1 July 2002 through 30 June 2004. J Infect Dis. 2005. 192:S49–56.
4). Yang BM., Jo DS., Kim YH., Hong JM., Kim JS. The societal cost of rotavirus infection in South Korea. Korean J Ped. 2008. 51:977–86.
5). Widdowson MA., van Doornum GJ., van der Poel WH., de Boer AS., Mahdi U., Koopmans M. Emerging group-A rotavirus and a nosocomial outbreak of diarrhoea. Lancet. 2000. 356:1161–2.
6). Gentsch JR., Glass RI., Woods P., Gouvea V., Gorziglia M., Flores J., Das BK., Bhan MK. Identification of group A rotavirus gene 4 types by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1992. 30:1365–73.
7). Gouvea V., Glass RI., Woods P., Taniguchi K., Clark HF., Forrester B., Fang ZY. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and typing of rotavirus nucleic acid from stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1990. 28:276–82.
9). Gentsch JR., Woods PA., Ramachandran M., Das BK., Leite JP., Alfieri A., Kumar R., Bhan MK., Glass RI. Review of G and P typing results from a global collection of rotavirus strains: implications for vaccine development. J Infect Dis. 1996. 174:S30–6.
10). Clark HF., Hoshino Y., Bell LM., Groff J., Hess G., Bachman P., Offit PA. Rotavirus isolate WI61 representing a presumptive new human serotype. J Clin Microbiol. 1987. 25:1757–62.
11). Santos N., Hoshino Y. Global distribution of rotavirus serotypes/genotypes and its implication for the development and implementation of an effective rotavirus vaccine. Rev Med Virol. 2005. 15:29–56.
12). Cubitt WD., Steele AD., Iturriza M. Characterisation of rota-viruses from children treated at a London hospital during 1996: emergence of strains G9P2A[6] and G3P2A[6]. J Med Virol. 2000. 61:150–4.
13). Kang JO., Kilgore P., Kim JS., Nyambat B., Kim J., Suh HS., Yoon Y., Jang S., Chang C., Choi S., Kim MN., Gentsch J., Bresee J., Glass R. Molecular epidemiological profile of rotavirus in South Korea, July 2002 through June 2003: Emergence of G4P[6] and G9P[8] strains. J Infect Dis. 2005. 192:S57–63.
14). Unicomb LE., Podder G., Gentsch JR., Woods PA., Hasan KZ., Faruque AS., Alberts MJ., Glass RI. Evidence of high-frequency genomic reassortment group A rotavirus strains in Bangladesh emergence of type G9 in 1995. J Clin Microbial. 1999. 37:1885–91.
16). Min BS., Noh YJ., Shin JH., Baek SY., Kim JO., Min KI., Ryu SR., Kim BG., Kim DK., Lee SH., Min HK., Ahn BY., Park SN. Surveillance study (2000 to 2001) of G- and P- type human rotaviruses circulating in South Korea. J Clin Microbiol. 2004. 42:4297–9.
17). Jang SJ., Kang JO., Moon DS., Lee SH., Yeol AG., Jeong OY., Han HL., Chaulagain BP., Cho SS., Park YJ. Comparison of clinical characteristics of patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis relative to the infecting rotavirus G-P genotype. Korean J Lab Med. 2006. 26:86–92.
18). Lee K-B., Kim J-W., Lee S-W., Cheon D-S., Jee Y-M., Kang S-Y. Isolation and characterization of G9 rotaviruses. J Bacteriol Virol. 2007. 37:231–40.
19). Park S-K., Heo Y-S., Bing S-H., Cheon D-S., Chu J., Jun M-H. Epidemiological surveillance of P and G genotypes of group A rotavirus detected from diarrhea patients in Daejeon region. J Bacteriol Virol. 2007. 37:169–75.
20). Jain V., Das BK., Bhan MK., Glass RI., Gentsch JR. Great diversity of group A rotavirus strains and high prevalence of mixed rotavirus infections in India. J Clin Microbiol. 2001. 39:3524–9.
21). Rahman M., Mattijnssens J., Nahar S., Podder G., Sack DA., Azim T., Van Ranst M. Characterization of a novel P[25],G11 human group A rotavirus. J Clin Microbiol. 2005. 43:3208–12.
22). Hong SK., Lee SG., Lee SA., Kang JH., Lee JH., Kim JH., Kim DS., Kim HM., Jang YT., Ma SH., Kim SY., Paik SY. Characterization of a G11, P[4] strain of human rotavirus isolated in South Korea. J Clin Microbiol. 2007. 45:3759–61.
Table 1.
P-genotye | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P[4] | P[6] | P[8] | P[9] | P[25] | Total | ||
G1 | 62 | 62 | |||||
G2 | 5 | 5 | |||||
G3 | 34 | 34 | |||||
G-genotype | G4 | 10 | 10 | ||||
G9 | 2 | 2 | |||||
G11 | 1 | 1 | |||||
G12 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Total | 5 | 10 | 98 | 1 | 1 |