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Abstract
We attempted to detect and identify virus types quickly by improving an RT-PCR-based dot-blot hybridization test for echoviruses, important human pathogens mainly causing aseptic meningitis. This test was applied to reference viruses of seven echovirus serotypes prevalent in Korea (E6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 25, and 30) and seventy isolates of echovirus isolated in Korea between 2002 and 2004. The primers for target DNA and hybridization probes (25mer, 50mer, and 70mer) were designed within the VP1 region of the echovirus. In RT-PCR, a nonradioactive digoxigenin-DNA labeling mix was added instead of dNTP to initiate PCR. The PCR product was then hybridized against 25mer, 50mer, and 70mer probe DNA spotted on nylon membranes and the reaction was observed. To investigate the optimal conditions for hybridization, various concentrations of target DNA (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ng/μl), size of probe DNA (25mer, 50mer, and 70mer), concentrations of probe DNA (10∼50 pM), and reaction time were included. In the test zone, the optimal condition in terms of time and cost was a reaction time of 1 h with 10 ng/μl target DNA concentration and 10 pM of a 50mer probe. We found 100% diagnosis of the serotypes for seven reference echoviruses and 90% (63/70) sensitivity for clinical isolates. Also, tests with this probe for reactivity with seven reference echoviruses by using DNA chips showed that diagnostic identification was possible without other serotype cross-reactivity. Therefore, efficiency analysis of probe and target DNA on clinical specimens by using dot-blot analysis indicated that this system can be applied to the prestages of the DNA chip and that the dot blot analysis itself can be used in applications to develop a tool for diagnosing specific viral serotypes.
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Figure 1.
Amplification of seven echovirus reference strains by VP1 RT-PCR assays. Lane 1, 1 kb plus DNA Ladder (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA); lane 2, echovirus 6; lane 3, echovirus 7; lane 4, echovirus 9; lane 5, echovirus 11; lane 6, echovirus 13; lane 7, echovirus 25; lane 8, echovirus 30. The primers 292F and 222R were used for PCR, and 2.5 μl of each PCR product was analyzed by electrophoresis on a 1% agarose gel. The 373 bp RT-PCR products are indicated by the arrow.
Figure 2.
Specificity of echovirus species-specific probes by dot-blot hybridization. For the probe DNA, 10 pM each of 70mer from E6, E7, E9, E11, E13, E25, and E30 was spotted on nylon membranes. Hybridization was performed with the PCR fragments of each virus amplified by 292F and 222R primers. Dot 1, dH2O; dot 2, echovirus 6; dot 3, echovirus 7; dot 4, echovirus 9; dot 5, echovirus 11; dot 6, echovirus 13; dot 7, echovirus 25; dot 8, echovirus 30.
Figure 3.
Determination of the optimal hybridization for echovirus 11. (A) Determination of optimal probe dilutions. (B) Determination of optimal target DNA concentrations. The probe of 70mer of echovirus 11 was used. (C) Determination of optimal hybridization time. Ten nanograms per microliter of target DNA and probes (25mer, 50mer, and 70mer) of echovirus 11 were used.
Figure 4.
Detection of echoviruses by DNA chip. Microarrays were constructed that included oligonucleotide probes to detect echovirus 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 25, and 30 DNA. Dot 1 & 2, dH2O; dot 2, echovirus 6; dot 3, echovirus 7; dot 4, echovirus 9; dot 5, echovirus 11; dot 6, echovirus 13; dot 7, echovirus 25; dot 8, echovirus 30; dot 9, coxsackievirus B1.
Table 1.
Type-specific 70mer, 50mer, & 25mer oligonucleotides of echoviruses
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