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Cha: Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity Against Oral Bacteria by the Essential Oil of Artemisia iwayomogi
Original Article

J Bacteriol Virol 2007;37(3):129-136.

Published online: 18 February 2007

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2007.37.3.129

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity Against Oral Bacteria by the Essential Oil of Artemisia iwayomogi

Jeong-Dan Cha∗,

Institute of Oral Bioscience and Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Republic of Korea

∗Corresponding author: Prof. Dr. Jeong-Dan Cha. Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, 664-14 Duckjin-Dong, Duckjin-Ku, Jeonju, Chonbuk, 561-756, Republic of Korea. Phone: +82-63-270-4022, Fax: +82-63-270-4037, e-mail: joungdan@chonbuk.ac.kr

Received 4 July 2007       Accepted 22 August 2007

Copyright © 2007 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

The aerial part of Artemisia iwayomogi KITAMURA has traditionally been used for antitumour, immunomodulating, antimutagenic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antipyretic, diuretic, liver protective effect, and choleretic purposes in Korea. The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from A. iwayomogi was analyzed by GC/MS. The essential oil and its major compounds were tested for antibacterial activities against 15 different genera of oral bacteria. The essential oil of A. iwayomogi was rich in camphor (17.96%), 1,8-cineole (14.79%), terpinen-4-ol (3.28%), α-terpineol (17.60%), and β-caryophyllene (4.05%). The essential oil of A. iwayomogi exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against all obligate anaerobic bacteria (MICs, 0.05 to 0.2 mg/ml; MBCs, 0.1 to 0.4 mg/ml) tested, while its major compounds demonstrated various degrees of growth inhibition.

Keywords: Artemisia iwayomogi, Essential oil, Antibacterial activity, Minimum inhibitory concentrations/Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MICs/MBCs)

References

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Figure 1.
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of the essential oil obtained from Artemisia iwayomogi
jbv-37-129f1.tif
Table 1.
Constituents of essential oil of Artemisia iwayomogi
Peak noa Compounds RIb RIc Peak Area (%)d
Monoterpene hydrocarbons     (10.74)
1 Tricyclene 1006 919 0.18
2 α-Pinene 1012 930 0.33
3 α-Thujene 1029 924 0.09
4 Camphene 1071 943 2.77
5 β-Pinene 1111 966 0.61
6 Sabinene 1124 965 0.32
9 α-Phellandren 1167 994 2.01
10 α-Terpinene 1184 1007 0.86
12 Limonene 1196 1021 0.13
14 cis-β-Ocimene 1240 1029 0.19
15 γ-Terpinene 1247 1050 1.24
16 trans-β-Ocimene 1257 1035 0.10
17 p-Cymene 1273 1011 1.59
18 Terpinolene 1283 1078 0.32
Oxygenated monoterpenes     (66.73)
11 2,3-Dehydro-1,8-cineole 1193 978 0.06
13 1,8-Cineole 1215 1023 14.79
21 3-Octanol 1394 979 0.06
22 Yomogi alcohol 1403 984 2.30
23 trans-3-Hexen-1-ol 1409 852 1.53
24 α-Thujone 1423 1080 t
25 β-Thujone 1440 1091 0.15
27 trans-Sabinene hydrate 1465 1052 0.16
29 Chrysanthenone 1508 1096 0.09
30 Camphor 1517 1124 17.96
33 iso-Pinocamphone 1536 1118 0.67
34 Linalool 1546 1106 0.15
35 cis-Sabinene hydrate 1550 1130 0.14
36 β-Terpinyl acetate 1561 – t
37 Pinocarvone 1562 1134 0.30
38 cis-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol 1566 1104 0.34
39 cis-Chrysanthenyl acetate 1570 1243 0.06
40 Bornyl acetate 1578 1265 1.02
43 Terpinen-4-ol 1601 1158 3.28
45 Lavandulyl acetate 1612 1275 0.09
46 Myrtenal 1627 1167 0.44
48 Umbellulone 1639 1165 0.07
49 trans-Pinocarvyl acetate 1648 – 0.18
50 trans-Pinocarveol 1653 1119 0.30
53 trans-Verbenol 1672 1123 0.22
54 trans-Piperitol 1676 1205 0.68
57 α-Terpineol 1701 1169 17.60
58 Borneol 1703 1150 2.36
62 Carvone 1732 1210 0.37
63 cis-Chrysanthenol 1754 1150 0.20
69 Myrtenol 1793 1177 0.20
71 trans-Carveol 1832 1181 0.11
74 cis-Myrtanol 1859 1280 0.14
75 cis-Carveol 1862 1196 0.14
76 β-Phenylethyl alcohol 1903 1081 0.08
79 Perillyl alcohol 1997 1277 0.07
93 Thymol 2187 1263 0.42
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons     (9.40)
28 δ-Copaene 1490 1369 0.57
31 α-Gurjunene 1525 1389 t
32 Berkheyaradulen 1531 1377 0.14
41 β-Elemene 1589 1381 0.13
42 β-Caryophyllene 1594 1418 4.05
44 Aromadendrene 1609 1447 0.05
47 γ-Elemene 1629 – 0.15
51 γ-Gurjunene 1663 1463 0.11
52 trans-β-Farnesene 1668 1454 1.48
55 γ-Muurolene 1686 1464 0.20
56 γ-Cadinene 1690 1497 t
59 β-Selinene 1717 1471 0.34
60 Piperitone 1721 1220 0.16
61 cis, trans-α-Farnesene 1726 1447 0.60
64 α-Cadinene 1762 1505 0.10
65 β-Sesquiphellandrene 1770 1515 0.25
66 ar-Curcumene 1773 1472 0.12
68 δ-Cadinene 1785 1524 0.77
72 p-Cymen-8-ol 1835 1165 0.11
73 trans-Myrtanol 1845 – 0.07
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes     (3.95)
77 iso-Caryophyllene oxide 1967 1524 0.07
78 Caryophyllene oxide 1979 1556 1.07
80 Eicosane 2000 2000 0.08
82 α-Humulene oxide 2038 1586 0.12
83 trans-Nerolidol 2043 1555 0.32
84 Globulol 2058 1568 0.32
85 Viridiflorol 2070 1569 0.05
86 Elemol 2073 1527 0.12
87 Cubenol 2086 1619 0.19
88 Guaiol 2105 1576 0.14
89 Spathulenol 2125 1551 0.35
90 Eugenol 2146 1323 t
91 α-Cedrol 2150 1575 0.15
92 α-Cadinol 2173 1628 0.27
94 α-Eudesmol 2221 1622 0.13
95 Carvacrol 2229 1273 0.17
96 T-Muurolol 2234 1615 0.23
98 cis, trans-Farnesol 2298 1695 0.10
100 Caryophyllene alcohol 2357 1607 0.07
Others     (4.68)
7 1,4-Dimethylbenzene 1129 936 0.23
8 1,3-Dimethylbenzene 1135 946 t
19 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one 1341 – t
20 n-Hexanol 1355 851 t
26 1-Octen-3-ol 1453 969 0.81
67 Methyl salicylate 1782 1173 1.50
70 p-Mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol 1801 – 0.08
81 Elemyl acetate 2027 – 0.15
97 Ethyl hexadecanoate 2253 1984 1.72
99 Tricosane 2300 2300 0.11
101 Diethyl phthalate 2361 – t
102 Hexadecanol 2368 1864 0.08
Total identified     (95.50%)

a Numbering refers to the elution order on a Supelcowax 10 column.

b Retention index on a polar Supelcowax 10 column.

c Retention index on an apolar SPB-1 column.

d Peak area percentage is based on a polar Supelcowax 10 column, and values represent average of three determinations.

t; Trace (<0.05%)

Table 2.
MICs and MBCs (mg/ml) of essential oil and some of its major components of Artemisia iwayomogi for some oral bacteria with a few reference strains
Strains Essential oil Borneol α-Terpineol Camphor 1,8-Cineole β-Caryophyllene Terpinen-4-ol Ampicillin Gentamicin
Escherichia coli
ATCC 25922		 3.2/3.2 0.4/0.8 1.6/3.2 12.8/12.8< 3.2/6.4 12.8/12.8< 1.6/1.6 256/256×10–3 8/16×10–3
Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 29213		 0.8/0.8 1.6/3.2 1.6/3.2 12.8/12.8< 12.8/12.8 12.8/12.8< 1.6/3.2 16/16×10–3 2/4×10–3
Staphylococcus epidermidis
ATCC 12228		 3.2/3.2 0.8/1.6 1.6/3.2 12.8/12.8< 0.8/1.6 12.8/12.8< 1.6/3.2 32/64×10–3 1/2×10–3
Streptococcus pyogenes
ATCC 21059		 0.4/0.8 0.8/0.8 1.6/1.6 12.8/12.8< 12.8/12.8 12.8/12.8 1.6/1.6 4/8×10–3 8/16×10–3
Streptococcus mutans
ATCC 25175		 0.2/0.8 0.8/1.6 1.6/3.2 6.4/12.8 12.8/12.8 1.6/3.2 1.6/3.2 4/4×10–3 8/8×10–3
Streptococcus sanguinis
ATCC 10556		 0.4/0.8 1.6/3.2 1.6/3.2 12.8/12.8 12.8/12.8 1.6/3.2 1.6/3.2 32/32×10–3 8/16×10–3
Streptococcus sobrinus
ATCC 27607		 0.4/0.8 0.4/0.8 1.6/1.6 12.8/12.8 12.8/12.8 12.8/12.8 1.6/3.2 2/2×10–3 4/8×10–3
Streptococcus ratti
KCTC 3294		 1.6/1.6 3.2/6.4 1.6/3.2 12.8/12.8< 12.8/12.8 12.8/12.8< 1.6/3.2 4/4×10–3 4/8×10–3
Streptococcus criceti
KCTC 3292		 0.8/1.6 3.2/6.4 3.2/3.2 12.8/12.8 12.8/12.8 12.8/12.8< 3.2/3.2 4/4×10–3 8/8×10–3
Streptococcus anginosus
ATCC 31412		 0.8/0.8 0.8/0.8 1.6/3.2 12.8/12.8 3.2/6.4 12.8/12.8< 1.6/3.2 4/4×10–3 16/16×10–3
Streptococcus gordonii
ATCC 10558		 0.1/0.4 0.8/0.8 0.05/0.1 12.8/12.8 6.4/6.4 1.6/3.2 0.05/0.1 1/2×10–3 2/4×10–3
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
ATCC 43717		 0.8/0.8 0.8/1.6 1.6/3.2 6.4/12.8 6.4/12.8 1.6/1.6 1.6/3.2 64/64×10–3 2/2×10–3
Fusobacterium nucleatum
ATCC 10953		 0.2/0.4 0.2/0.4 0.4/0.8 6.4/6.4 3.2/6.4 12.8/12.8 0.2/0.4 0.25/0.25×10–3 16/32×10–3
Prevotella intermedia
ATCC 25611		 0.2/0.4 0.2/0.4 0.2 /0.4 1.6/3.2 1.6/3.2 0.8/1.6 0.2/0.4 32/32×10–3 0.5/1×10–3
Porphylomonas gingivalis
ATCC 33277		 0.05/0.1 0.8/0.8 0.2/0.8 6.4/12.8 6.4/6.4 0.4/0.8 0.4/0.8 0.5/1×10–3 256/512×10–3
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