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Abstract
Background:
Numerous cell surface proteins of leukemia cells such as CD33 and CD52 have been identified as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Thus the profiling of the cell surface proteome and proteins restricted to specific leukemia(s) can provide a way to identify novel targets for leukemia diagnosis and therapy. However, there is a lack of data pertaining to the comprehensive analysis of surface membrane proteins because there are few effective strategies for profiling surface membrane proteomes.
Methods:
We report on the application of quantitative proteomic techniques that incorporate affinity-capture and purification on monomeric avidin columns to identify all biotinylated cell surface proteins from leukemia cell lines.
Results:
An analysis of a subset of biotinylated proteins among the different human leukemia cell lines using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization and tandem mass spectrometry identified, among others, some widely expressed proteins in leukemia cells, such as CD11a, CD11c, CD18, CD31, CD44, and CD147, as well as a set of proteins identified as chaperone proteins, including HSP90, GRP78, GRP75, HSP70, HSP60 and protein disulfide isomerases. On the basis of their known functional roles, several of these proteins may participate in the progression of leukemogenesis and should be considered as potential markers of leukemia.
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 | Fig. 1Visualization of biotinylated surface proteins in U937 acute monoblastic leukemia cells. (A) Detection of biotinylated surface proteins of U937 cells. Surface proteins of intact U937 cells were biotinylated, solubilized, resolved by 2-D PAGE, and then transferred to PDVF membranes. They were visualized by hybridization with streptavidin-HRP complex. Interestingly, a lot of proteins were detected, which were not present in the 2-D gels of same whole cell lysates shown in (B). (B) 2-D PAGE analysis of U937 cellular proteins. Proteins of U937 cells were solubilized and resolved by 2-D PAGE using IPG in the first dimension. |
 | Fig. 2Similarity of U937 cell line biotinylation patterns as visualized by hybridization and silver-stained images of the same monomeric avidin column eluate. Surface proteins of U937 cells were biotinylated and purified as described in “Experimental procedure”. Following solubilization, the proteins were resolved by 2D PAGE using carrier ampholytes (pI 4 to 8) in the first dimension, then visualized either by mass spectrometry-compatible silver staining or hybridization with streptavidin-HRP complex, as described in “Experimental procedures”. Solid lines point to biotinylated proteins that were identified by mass spectrometry. Interestingly, the patterns visualized by silver stain and hybridization appear to be virtually identical. |
 | Fig. 3Identification of surface membrane proteins isolated from CEM/C2. Purified surface membrane proteins of CEM/C2, resolved by 2-D PAGE and visualized by mass spectrometry-compatible silver-stain, were analyzed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Some of the identified proteins are marked and named with solid lines. |
 | Fig. 4CD 38 expressions on the cell surface of CEM/C2 leukemia cell line with monoclonal antibody to CD38. Following solubilization, the proteins were resolved by 2D PAGE using carrier ampholytes (pI 4 to 8) in the first dimension, then visualized either by mass spectrometry-compatible silver staining or hybridization with monoclonal antibody to CD38 or streptavidin-HRP complex. The spots visualized by silver stain and two western blots appear to be virtually identical. |
 | Fig. 5HSP 70 and calnexin expressions on the cell surface of CEM/C2 leukemia cell line with monoclonal antibody to HSP70 and calnexin. Following solubilization, the proteins were resolved by 2D PAGE using carrier ampholytes (pI 4 to 8) in the first dimension, then visualized either by mass spectrometry-compatible silver staining or hybridization with monoclonal antibody to HSP70 and calnexin or streptavidin-HRP complex. The spots visualized by silver stain and two western blots appear to be virtually identical. |
Table 1.
Identified CD antigens and other surface membrane proteins from six human leukemia cell lines
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