Journal List > J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg > v.36(6) > 1032436

Kim, Cho, Baek, Lee, Kim, Kim, Suh, Baek, Hong, and Paeng: Genetic influence and heritability in mandibular prognathism of Korean families

Abstract

Introduction

This study examined the genetic influence of mandibular prognathism epidemiologically in Korean families.

Materials and Methods

Over a 5-year period from 2005 to 2009, a questionnaire with a pedigree chart was given to 100 (male 51, female 49) probands with skeletal Class III mandibular prognathism, who had undergone orthognathic surgery in Samsung Medical Center.

Results

The average age of the probands was 22.1. The average SNA, SNB and ANB angles of the probands were 81.2�, 84.1� and -2.9�, respectively. A total of 2729 (male 1,354, female 1,375) family members were examined, and the affected ratio of the families was 3.5% with no significant difference between genders. 45% of families had at least one member with a Class III malocclusion other than the proband. The affected ratio of the first-degree relatives (10.9%) was significantly higher than those of the second-degree (3.3%) and third-degree (1.9%) relatives. The affected ratio of the total relatives from the male probands (4.2%) was significantly higher than that of the female probands (2.8%). Heritability (h2, Falconer’ method) was estimated to be 29.8% (0.298±0.059) in first-degree relatives.

Conclusion

These results showed the significant influence of mandibular prognathism with relatively low heritability in first-degree relatives in Korean families of probands, who had undergone orthognathic surgery to correct a skeletal Class III malocclusion.

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Fig. 1.
Questionnaire with pedigree chart used in this study.
jkaoms-36-502f1.tif
Fig. 2.
Diagnostic tools for the evaluation of skeletal Class III mandibular prognathism. A: Lateral photograph, B: Cephalogram, C: Study model.
jkaoms-36-502f2.tif
Table 1.
Cephalometric measurements of 100 probands
Probands (n) Age SNA (°) SNB (°) ANB (°) Wits (mm) FMA (°)
Male (51) 22.7±4.9 80.8±3.2 84.5±3.8 −3.7±2.2 −12.5±3.9 27.6±6.1
Female (49) 21.4±5.4 81.8±3.1 83.6±4.1 −2.1±3.5 −10.8±5.3 28.8±6.4
Total (100) 22.1±5.2 81.2±3.2 84.1±3.9 −2.9±3.0 −11.7±4.7 28.2±6.2

SNA: sella-nasion-A point ang, SNB: sella-nasion-B point ang, ANB: A point-nasion-B point, FMA: frankfort-mandibular plane angle

Table 2.
Affected ratios of relatives of 100 probands
Relatives Affected Unaffected Total Affected ratio (%) P1
Male 45 1,309 1,354 3.3  
Female 50 1,325 1,375 3.6 0.656
Total 95 2,634 2,729 3.5  

(P1: x2 test)

Table 3.
Probands with at least one affected member
Probands Affected Unaffected Total P1
Male 22 29 51  
Female 23 26 49 0.703
Total 45 (45%) 55 (55%) 100 (100%)  

(P1: x2 test)

Table 4.
Affected ratio of first-, second-, and third-degree relatives
Relatives Affected Unaffected Affected ratio (%) P1
First-degree relative
Father 7 92 7.10%  
Mother 15 84 15.20% 0.182
Sibling 13 111 10.50%  
Male 15 149 9.10%  
Female 20 138 12.70% 0.312
Total 35 287 10.90%  
Second-degree relative
Male 15 445 3.30%  
Female 18 508 3.40% 0.888
Total 33 953 3.30%  
Third-degree relative
Male 15 715 2.10%  
Female 12 679 1.70% 0.661
Total 27 1394 1.90%  
P2<0.0001

(P1: x2 test within each degree of relatives)

(P2: x2 test to evaluate that the affected ratios were different among the 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree relatives. The affected ratio of the 1st degree relative was significantly different from that of the 2nd degree relative or that of the 3rd degree relative, respectively P<0.0001 by Fisher' s exact test with adjustments by permutation resampling)

Table 5.
Affected ratio for relatives by probands’ sex
Probands First-degree Second-degree Third-degree Total
Male 11.80% 4.00% 2.50% 4.20%
Female 9.80% 2.70% 1.30% 2.80%
P1 1.000 0.686 0.325 0.049

P1: x2 test, 1.000∗, 0.686∗, 0.325∗: x2 test with adjustments by Bonferroni correction for subgroup analyses)

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