Hemodynamic Significance of Internal Carotid or Middle Cerebral Artery Stenosis Detected on Magnetic Resonance Angiography

Hyo Jung Seo; Jefferson R. Pagsisihan; Jin Chul Paeng; Seung Hong Choi; Gi Jeong Cheon; June-Key Chung; Dong Soo Lee; Keon Wook Kang

doi:10.3349/ymj.2015.56.6.1686

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Seo, Pagsisihan, Paeng, Choi, Cheon, Chung, Lee, and Kang: Hemodynamic Significance of Internal Carotid or Middle Cerebral Artery Stenosis Detected on Magnetic Resonance Angiography

Original Article

Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Yonsei Medical Journal 2015; 56(6): 1686-1693.

Published online: 25 September 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2015.56.6.1686

Hemodynamic Significance of Internal Carotid or Middle Cerebral Artery Stenosis Detected on Magnetic Resonance Angiography

Hyo Jung Seo^1,^2,³, Jefferson R. Pagsisihan⁴, Jin Chul Paeng¹, Seung Hong Choi⁵, Gi Jeong Cheon¹, June-Key Chung¹, Dong Soo Lee^1,², Keon Wook Kang¹

¹Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

²Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, WCU Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

³Department of Nuclear Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

⁴Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Medical City, Pasig City, Philippines.

⁵Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author: Dr. Jin Chul Paeng, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea. Tel: 82-2-2072-3793, Fax: 82-2-745-7690, paengjc@snu.ac.kr

Received 20 November 2014 Revised 12 January 2015 Accepted 3 February 2015

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

We evaluated hemodynamic significance of stenosis on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) using acetazolamide perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

Materials and Methods

Of 171 patients, stenosis in internal carotid artery (ICA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) (ICA-MCA) on MRA and cerebrovascular reserve (CVR) of MCA territory on SPECT was measured using quantification and a 3-grade system. Stenosis and CVR grades were compared with each other, and their prognostic value for subsequent stroke was evaluated.

Results

Of 342 ICA-MCA, 151 (44%) presented stenosis on MRA; grade 1 in 69 (20%) and grade 2 in 82 (24%) cases. Decreased CVR was observed in 9% of grade 0 stenosis, 25% of grade 1, and 35% of grade 2. The average CVR of grade 0 was significantly different from grade 1 (p<0.001) and grade 2 stenosis (p=0.007). In quantitative analysis, average CVR index was -0.56±7.91 in grade 0, -1.81±6.66 in grade 1 and -1.18±5.88 in grade 2 stenosis. Agreement between stenosis and CVR grades was fair in patients with lateralizing and non-lateralizing symptoms (κ=0.230 and 0.346). Of the factors tested, both MRA and CVR were not significant prognostic factors (p=0.104 and 0.988, respectively), whereas hypertension and renal disease were significant factors (p<0.05, respectively).

Conclusion

A considerable proportion of ICA-MCA stenosis detected on MRA does not cause CVR impairment despite a fair correlation between them. Thus, hemodynamic state needs to be assessed for evaluating significance of stenosis, particularly in asymptomatic patients.

Keywords: Magnetic resonance angiography, stenosis, acetazolamide-challenged brain perfusion SPECT, cerebrovascular reserve, stroke

INTRODUCTION

Stenosis in the carotid or cerebral artery is a major cause of hemodynamic disturbance and subsequent stroke in the brain.1 2 3 In recent years, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has been increasingly used as a non-invasive imaging modality for evaluating carotid arteries and intracranial cerebral arteries.4 On MRA of ischemic stroke patients, abnormality is frequently observed in the internal carotid artery (ICA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA).5 Severity of intracranial stenosis evaluated on MRA is also applicable to guide revascularization or pharmacologic treatment.6 7 Additionally, long-term follow-up using MRA was reported to be effective in ischemic stroke patients with intracranial atherosclerosis.8 Although the application of MRA to cerebrovascular disease is still relatively limited due to various factors, including cost and socioeconomic factors,9 MRA is commonly used as the first diagnostic imaging method in patients suspected with cerebrovascular disease or even in patients with vague neurologic symptoms.

However, stenosis in the ICA or MCA that is not related to any neurologic symptom is often observed on MRA. In such cases, assessment of cerebral hemodynamic state can give additional and complementary information. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for brain perfusion has been widely used for assessing cerebrovascular reserve (CVR), which can be measured by rest and acetazolamide SPECT.10 Brain perfusion and CVR are more direct indices for hemodynamic state than vascular stenosis. CVR can be used for identifying patients who are at higher risk of ischemic stroke without surgical revascularization,11 and also for predicting prognosis in acute stage of stroke.12 As a prognostic factor inducing subsequent stroke, however, image findings of MRA and SPECT have not been fully understood.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the hemodynamic significance of the carotid or cerebral artery stenosis detected on MRA. For this purpose, vascular stenosis on MRA was compared with CVR on brain perfusion SPECT. Additionally, clinical significance of the image findings were evaluated in terms of prognosis for subsequent stroke, in comparison with other established clinical risk factors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients

From the image database of our institution, patients who underwent both MRA and brain perfusion SPECT between 2009 and 2011 were retrospectively enrolled in this study. Among them, the following criteria were used for selection: 1) time interval between MRA and SPECT less than 60 days, 2) absence of previous cerebral infarction in the MCA territory, and 3) clinical follow-up after imaging study for more than 3 months.

Clinical information was obtained from thorough review of medical records, in terms of demographic information, neurologic symptoms, and events of stroke. When a patient had lateralizing neurologic symptoms such as unilateral weakness, paralysis, and paresthesia, symptoms were attributed to ischemia in one of the bilateral MCA territory. Non-lateralizing symptoms such as sudden explosive headache, syncope and collapse, dizziness and giddiness, or pathologic amnesia were attributed to both sides of hemispheres. A patient was regarded asymptomatic when there was no significant neurologic symptom at the time of MRA and SPECT, and during at least 1-month follow-up. The occurrence of stroke was determined based on follow-up medical records and brain imaging studies, and the onset date of new ischemic symptoms was regarded as the date of stroke occurrence.

The design of this study and exemption of the informed consent were approved by the Institutional Review Board of our institution.

MRA

Brain magnetic resonance image (MRI), including time-offlight (TOF)-MRA, was performed using a 3-T machine (Sigma, GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI, USA) and an 8-channel head coil. The target MCA for high-resolution MRI was determined based on review of TOF-MRA images. The black-blood technique with preregional fat saturation pulses of 80-mm thickness was used to saturate incoming arterial flow. The highresolution MRI sequences included T1-weighted images (repetition time, 600 ms; echo time, 12 ms), T2-weighted images (repetition time, 2910 ms; echo time, 70 ms), proton density images (repetition time, 2500 ms; echo time, 30 ms), and T1-weighted images with gadolinium enhancement. All images were obtained with the following parameters: field of view, 120×120 mm; slice thickness, 2 mm; matrix size, 384×269; and number of excitations, 4.13

MRA images were reviewed by an experienced neuroradiologist, in terms of the ICA and MCA. The severity of a stenotic lesion of the ICA was measured according to the formula of the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) method, in which % stenosis was calculated as [1-(minimum residual lumen diameter/distal internal carotid lumen diameter)]×100.14 15 16 The % stenosis of MCA was defined as [1-(narrowest diameter/adjacent normal diameter)]×100, where the adjacent normal diameter was measured at a point distal to the stenosis, or at a point proximal to the stenosis in case of total occlusion. Because the MCA territory was the main target of analysis, stenosis in the ipsilateral ICA and/or MCA (ICA-MCA) was assessed using a 3-grade system: 0, no stenosis; 1, a single lesion of mild to moderate stenosis (<75% stenosis); 2, a single lesion of severe stenosis (≥75% stenosis) or multiple lesions. The cutoff of 75% was adopted from the NASCET, in which a stenosis over 70% was related to an increased risk of subsequent stroke. Aneurysms in the cerebral arteries or intracranial/extracranial carotid arteries were also evaluated on MRA.

Perfusion SPECT

Basal/acetazolamide brain perfusion SPECT was performed using one-day protocol. Basal SPECT images were acquired 5 minutes after intravenous injection of 555 MBq ^99mTc-hexamethylproplyeneamine oxime (HMPAO), using a triple-headed gamma camera (Triad XLT 9, Trionix Research Laboratory, Twinsburg, OH, USA) equipped with low-energy ultrahigh-resolution fanbeam collimators. Forty step-and-shoot images were acquired for 20-25 seconds per step, with intervals of 3°. Ten minutes before the end of the basal SPECT, 20 mg/kg of acetazolamide was injected intravenously. Another dose of ^99mTc-HMPAO (1.11 GBq) was injected at the end of basal SPECT, and second acquisition of SPECT was started 5 minutes later without position change. Acetazolamide SPECT images were acquired by decay-corrected subtraction of the basal images from the second SPECT images. All SPECT images were reconstructed on 128×128 matrix using a filtered backprojection method with a Butterworth filter.

Basal/acetazolamide SPECT images were assessed based on consensus of two experienced nuclear medicine specialists blinded to patient history, MRI findings, and final diagnoses. CVR in an MCA territory was assessed using a 3-grade system: 0, no decrease; 1, mild decrease (involving less than one-third of any lobe); and 2, severe decrease (involving more than onethird of any lobe).17

Quantitative analysis of perfusion SPECT

For quantitative analysis, SPM2 software (Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK) implemented on MATLAB 7.6 (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) was used. As a preprocessing procedure, SPECT images were spatially normalized to a standard SPECT template (Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University) using affine and nonlinear transformation. To define regional volume of interest (VOI), we used a statistical probabilistic anatomic map that provides probabilistic VOIs for various brain regions, including the cerebellum and bilateral MCA territories.18 The mean count of the each MCA territory was normalized to that of the cerebellum. Cerebrovascular reserve index (CVRI) in each MCA territory was defined as (C_{acetazolamide}-C_basal)/(C_basal)×100, where C_basal and C_{acetazolamide} are the normalized counts on basal and acetazolamide SPECT, respectively.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using a commercial statistics package (MedCalc 9.5, MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium). Chi-square test was used for group comparisons between MRA and SPECT results. Kappa statistics were calculated for evaluating inter-rate agreement. To evaluate prognostic factors for subsequent stroke, logistic regression was performed and Kaplan-Meier survival curve was analyzed to evaluate probability of subsequent stroke. p values less than 0.05 was regarded statistically significant.

RESULTS

Patients

A total of 171 patients (108 men and 63 women, age 66±13 years) were included in the analysis, and 111 patients exhibited neurologic symptoms at the time of imaging studies. Patients had various risk factors for cerebral ischemia such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking, ischemic heart disease, and previous episodes of transient ischemic attack (TIA). Some patients had underlying diseases related to cerebral artery diseases. The patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1.

Perfusion state according to stenosis

In 171 patients, 342 cases of bilateral ICA-MCA and matched MCA territories were analyzed. On MRA, 191 (56%) cases exhibited no stenosis and 151 (44%) exhibited stenosis; grade 1 in 69 (20%) and grade 2 in 82 (24%) (Table 2). On perfusion SPECT, 278 (81%) cases exhibited normal CVR and 64 (19%) exhibited decreased CVR; grade 1 in 41 (12%) and grade 2 in 23 (7%). Decreased CVR was observed in 9% of grade 0 stenosis, 25% of grade 1, and 35% of grade 2 (Fig. 1). The average CVR grades were 0.3±0.6 in grade 1 stenosis and 0.5±0.7 in grade 2 stenosis, which were significantly higher than that of grade 0 stenosis (0.1±0.4; p<0.001 and p=0.007, respectively).

However, most of MCA territories with grade 1 and 2 stenosis on MRA presented normal CVR (75% and 65%, respectively). On the quantitative analysis, the average CVRI values were -0.56±7.91 in grade 0 stenosis, -1.81±6.66 in grade 1, and -1.18±5.88 in grade 2. The differences in quantitative values were not statistically significant. The inter-rate agreement between stenosis grade and CVR grade was poor (κ=0.192) in overall patients. However, the agreement was fair in patients with lateralizing symptoms (κ=0.230) or non-lateralizing symptoms (κ=0.346).

Prognostic factors for subsequent stroke

During follow-up of 18.7±9.6 months (median 20.0 months), 9 events of stroke occurred in 7 patients (Table 3). The incidence was 4.1% and the time interval between imaging studies and stroke was 5-27 months (Fig. 2). CVR grade and stenosis grade were not significantly different between patients with and without subsequent stroke (0.3±0.6 vs. 0.2±0.4, p=0.864 for CVR grade; 0.7±0.8 vs. 0.8±1.0, p=0.726 for stenosis grade). Of the clinical and imaging parameters tested, both stenosis and CVR grades were not significant prognostic factors, regardless of grade (Table 4). Hypertension and renal disease were significant prognostic factors for predicting subsequent stroke. Additionally, aneurysm and TIA were prognostic factors with borderline significance (Fig. 3).

DISCUSSION

In this study, we observed a significant correlation between ICA-MCA stenosis on MRA and CVR of MCA territory on perfusion SPECT. However, a considerable discrepancy between stenosis and CVR also existed; 75% of grade 1 stenosis and 65% of grade 2 stenosis were not matched with CVR impairment. And, significant prognostic factors were different according to symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. Severe stenosis on MRA (grade 2) and combination imaging factor of decreased CVRI and MRA grade 2 were significant predictors to cause subsequent stroke in lateralizing symptomatic patients.

MRA has been performed for evaluating vascular malformation,19 as well as major cerebrovascular occlusion,20 21 whereas perfusion SPECT has been used for diagnosis and prognosis prediction in cerebrovascular diseases.22 23 24 25 Acetazolamide SPECT can provide information on CVR in addition to basal cerebral perfusion. There have been several reports on the use of CVR for evaluating clinical significance of cerebrovascular stenosis. A meta-analysis by Gupta, et al.26 showed that highgrade ICA stenosis or occlusion causing CVR impairment can be a risk factor for ischemic stroke. Stenosis on MRA also has a clinical significance, and Chen, et al.27 reported that degree of stenosis on MRA was inversely correlated with cerebrovascular reactivity in response to increased concentration of inspired CO₂. Deteriorated autoregulation due to stenosis may cause hemodynamic impairment.

However, in the present study, only limited agreement existed between stenosis and CVR, although there was a significant difference in CVR according to stenosis grade. Additionally, most of the stenosis in ICA-MCA did not cause CVR impairment. It is most likely due to the difference in patient population, because we enrolled consecutive patients who met the inclusion criteria. Many patients in this study presented with no or only vague neurologic symptoms, and stenosis was incidentally detected in some of them. In such cases, stenosis may have been well tolerated and compensated by sufficient collateral flow. Intriguingly, in patients with any lateralizing and non-lateralizing neurologic symptoms, CVR impairment exhibited a fair agreement with stenosis (κ=0.230 and κ=0.346). Similarly, it has been reported that stenosis of carotid arteries is not significantly correlated with the hemispheric symptoms.28 Thus, it should be noted that stenosis in ICA-MCA may not be clinically significant in many asymptomatic patients.

In the present study, both the stenosis and CVR were found not to be significant prognostic factors for subsequent stroke, in contrast to previous reports.11 29 30 The low event rate (9 events in 7 patients, 7/171=4.1%) in this study would have been one of the causes for the result. In addition, it could be attributed to the characteristics of our patient population. Because stroke can occur due to either thrombosis or embolism, stenosis in ICA or MCA is not the only cause for the stroke event. In a recent study, it was reported that approximately 47% of acute ischemic stroke had no prior occlusion within 1 month of the event and was classified as embolic occlusion.31 In the present study, 5 cases exhibited normal MRA, 6 cases exhibited normal CVR and 4 cases exhibited normal CVRI in 9 event cases, which suggests the probability of embolism as the cause for stroke. Therefore, it is speculated that clinical factors exhibited stronger prognostic power for the subsequent stroke in this study. Our results are in line with previous reports in which obesity, smoking,32 end-stage renal disease,33 and cerebral aneurysm34 are significant risk factors for stroke. However, hypertension exhibited an opposite result, which may result from our classification for hypertension. Because the current state of hypertension control was not considered in this study, mild or well-controlled hypertension was all included in the group of hypertension. It may have been a cause for selection bias.

The results of this study suggest that the carotid or cerebral artery stenosis in asymptomatic patients should be interpreted in terms of hemodynamic significance. Even in severe stenosis group of grade 2, more than half of the stenosis did not cause CVR impairment. Thus, evaluation of CVR using brain perfusion SPECT or other modality would be required for re-evaluation of stenotic lesions, particularly when MRA is used for screening of cerebrovascular disease in asymptomatic patients. However, further study is required to determine the diagnostic roles of brain perfusion SPECT and MRA in more homogeneous group of asymptomatic patients or patients with high risk factors for stroke.

There are several limitations in this study. First, ICA and MCA were analyzed together as a single group on MRA, whereas CVR was analyzed for MCA territory on perfusion SPECT. Although both ICA and MCA stenosis can lead to CVR impairment in the MCA territory, the influence of specific locations of stenosis was not considered in the analysis. Second, in some patients, the time interval between MRA and perfusion SPECT was somewhat long, up to 60 days. However, the time interval was less than 2 weeks in 74% of the patients. Third, this was a retrospective study and the patient group was relatively heterogeneous in terms of symptoms, underlying diseases, medications, and risk factors. Because we attempted to analyze the hemodynamic significance of stenosis on MRA in various conditions, we included all the consecutive patients.

In conclusion, a considerable proportion of ICA-MCA stenosis detected on MRA did not cause CVR impairment, although there was a fair correlation between them. Thus, it is recommended that hemodynamic state should be assessed for evaluation of stenotic lesions, particularly in asymptomatic patients.

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

Proportions of decreased CVR (grade 1 and 2) according to stenosis grade. Decreased CVR was more frequently presented in higher stenosis grade group. CVR, cerebrovascular reserve.

Fig. 2

Kaplan-Meier survival curve for subsequent stroke occurrence in overall group.

Fig. 3

Kaplan-Meier survival curve for subsequent stroke occurrence according to significant risk factors (A and B) or factors with borderline significances (C and D). TIA, transient ischemic attack.

Table 1

Clinical Characteristics of 171 Patients

Parameters	Values
Age (yr)	66±13 (range 18-91)
Sex (%)
Male	108 (63)
Female	63 (37)
Risk factors (%)
Hypertension	125 (73)
Hyperlipidemia	61 (36)
Diabetes	63 (37)
Ever smoker	54 (32)
Ischemic heart disease	20 (12)
Previous episodes of TIA	15 (9)
Underlying diseases (%)
Moyamoya disease	15 (9)
Ateriovenous fistula	18 (11)
Aneurysm	9 (5)
Prothrombic tendency	20 (12)
Liver or renal disease	17 (10)
Atrial fibrillation	18 (11)
Intracranial hemorrhage	12 (7)
Myocardial infarction	10 (6)
Active cancer	9 (5)
Ischemic symptoms (%)
None	48 (28)
Symptomatic MCA territories (%)
Lateralizing	76 (22)
Non-lateralizing	70 (20)
Asymptomatic MCA territories (%)	196 (57)

TIA, transient ischemic attack; MCA, middle cerebral artery.

Table 2

CVR State of MCA Territories According to MRA Findings

MRA grade	CVR grade			Proportion
MRA grade	0	1	2	Proportion
Overall patients
0	173	11	7	56%
1	52	13	4	20%
2	53	17	12	24%
Proportion	81%	12%	7%	κ=0.192
Patients with lateralizing symptoms
0	41	4	0	59%
1	7	2	2	15%
2	12	6	2	26%
Proportion	79%	16%	5%	κ=0.230
Patients with non-lateralizing symptoms
0	33	1	0	49%
1	14	4	0	26%
2	10	2	6	26%
Proportion	81%	10%	9%	κ=0.346
Asymptomatic patients
0	99	6	7	57%
1	31	7	2	20%
2	31	9	4	22%
Proportion	82%	11%	7%	κ=0.115

CVR, cerebrovascular reserve; MCA, middle cerebral artery; MRA, magnetic resonance angiography.

Table 3

Clinical Characteristics of Patients Who Presented Subsequent Stroke

No.	Pt no.	Age	Sex	Symptom	CVRI	CVR grade	MRA grade	Duration to stroke (month)	Risk factors	Underlying disease	Infarct site
1	1	77	M	Lateralizing	-3.595	1	2	27	DL, DM	None	R MCA
2	2	59	F	Asymptomatic	-2.438	0	0	5	IHD, TIA	AF	R MCA
3	3	75	M	Asymptomatic	3.125	0	0	18	IHD	AF, LRF	L MCA
4	3	75	M	Asymptomatic	3.688	0	2	18	IHD	AF, LRF	R MCA
5	4	55	F	Asymptomatic	-2.142	1	0	12	DL, IHD	AF, MI	R MCA
6	5	63	M	Asymptomatic	0.550	0	0	18	HT	Aneurysm	R MCA
7	5	63	M	Asymptomatic	2.151	0	0	18	HT	Aneurysm	L MCA
8	6	70	M	Nonlateralizing	-8.385	0	2	24	SM, HT, DM	LRF	R MCA
9	7	42	M	Asymptomatic	-7.865	0	1	6	DL, TIA	None	R MCA

HT, hypertension; DL, dyslipidemia; DM, diabetes mellitus; IHD, ischemic heart disease; SM, smoking; TIA, transient ischemic attack; LRF, liver or renal failure; MI, myocardial infarction; AF, atrial fibrillation; MCA, middle cerebral artery; R MCA, right MCA; L MCA, left MCA; CVRI, cerebrovascular reserve index; CVR, cerebrovascular reserve; MRA, magnetic resonance angiography.

Table 4

Prognostic Factors for Subsequent Stroke

Variables	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p value
CVR grade
0	1
1 and 2^*	1.05 (0.212-5.17)	0.955
2^*	0.00 (0.025-4.25)	0.394
MRA grade
0	1
1 and 2^*	1.03 (0.272-3.87)	0.970
2^*	1.32 (0.296-6.11)	0.701
Hypertension
(-)	1
(+)	0.198 (0.035-0.638)	0.010^†
Renal disease
(-)	1
(+)	5.30 (2.27-242.3)	0.008^†
Aneurysm
(-)	1
(+)	4.20 (0.993-4.20)	0.051
TIA
(-)	1
(+)	3.57 (0.725-110.8)	0.087

CVR, cerebrovascular reserve; MRA, magnetic resonance angiography; TIA, transient ischemic attack; CI, confidence interval.

^*Compared with grade 0, ^†Statistically significant (p<0.05).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study has been presented as a poster in The Korea Society of Nuclear Medicine (Oct. 25th. 2012).

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2009-0093820).

Notes

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

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