Efficacy of Retrievable Metallic Stent with Fixation String for Benign Stricture after Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery

Jeong-Eun Kim; Hyo-Cheol Kim; Myungsu Lee; Saebeom Hur; Minuk Kim; Sang Hwan Lee; Soo Buem Cho; Chan Sun Kim; Joon Koo Han

doi:10.3348/kjr.2016.17.6.893

Journal List > Korean J Radiol > v.17(6) > 1027288

Go to TopGo to Top Go to BottomGo to Bottom

TOOLS

Kim, Kim, Lee, Hur, Kim, Lee, Cho, Kim, and Han: Efficacy of Retrievable Metallic Stent with Fixation String for Benign Stricture after Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery

Intervention

Original Article

Korean Journal of Radiology 2016; 17(6): 893-902.

Published online: 31 October 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2016.17.6.893

Efficacy of Retrievable Metallic Stent with Fixation String for Benign Stricture after Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery

Jeong-Eun Kim, MD, Hyo-Cheol Kim, MD, Myungsu Lee, MD, Saebeom Hur, MD, Minuk Kim, MD, Sang Hwan Lee, MD, Soo Buem Cho, MD, Chan Sun Kim, MD, Joon Koo Han, MD

Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.

Corresponding author: Hyo-Cheol Kim, MD, Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea. Tel: (822) 2072-2584, Fax: (822) 743-6385, angiointervention@gmail.com

Received 17 May 2016 Accepted 31 July 2016

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objective

To determine the efficacy of retrievable metallic stent with fixation string for benign anastomotic stricture after upper gastrointestinal (UGI) surgery.

Materials and Methods

From June 2009 to May 2015, a total of 56 retrievable metallic stents with fixation string were placed under fluoroscopy guidance in 42 patients who were diagnosed with benign anastomotic stricture after UGI surgery. Clinical success was defined as achieving normal regular diet (NRD).

Results

The clinical success rate after the first stent placement was 57.1% (24/42). After repeated stent placement and/or balloon dilation, the clinical success rate was increased to 83.3% (35/42). Six (14.3%) patients required surgical revision to achieve NRD. One (2.4%) patient failed to achieve NRD. Stent migration occurred in 60.7% (34/56) of patients. Successful rate of removing the stent using fixation string and angiocatheter was 94.6% (53/56). Distal migration occurred in 12 stents. Of the 12 stents, 10 (83.3%) were successfully removed whereas 2 could not be removed. No complication occurred regarding distal migration.

Conclusion

Using retrievable metallic stent with a fixation string is a feasible option for managing early benign anastomotic stricture after UGI surgery. It can reduce complications caused by distal migration of the stent.

Keywords: Stent, Benign stricture, Upper gastrointestinal tract, Stent migration, Fixation string

INTRODUCTION

Benign anastomotic stricture after upper gastrointestinal (UGI) surgery can be classified as early (within 3 months after operation) and late (more than 3 months after operation) (1). Early anastomotic strictures are usually secondary to edema, whereas late strictures are related with fibrotic scarring (1 2). Balloon dilatation is regarded as a safe and effective initial treatment for benign strictures (3 4). In cases of benign stricture refractory to balloon dilation or immediate recoil after balloon dilation, retrievable metallic stent placement can be used as a treatment option (5).

A covered retrievable stent can be removed several weeks after placement. However, it has a high risk of stent migration (6). Stent migration rate in benign disease is higher than that in malignant disease. According to published data, the rate of stent migration is 25 to 60% for benign disease and 7 to 35% for malignant disease (7 8 9). Proximally migrated stent can be easily removed under endoscopy or fluoroscopy. In contrast, it is difficult or impossible to remove a distally migrated stent beyond the Treitz ligament under endoscopy and/or fluoroscopy. Most distally migrated stents pass through the rectum without any complications. However, distally migrated stents can cause intestinal obstruction or perforation (10 11 12 13 14).

To prevent distal migration of the stent and possible complications such as intestinal perforation, the concept of a fixation string secured to the patient's ear or nose has been introduced (15 16). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of retrievable metallic stent with a fixation string for benign stricture after UGI surgery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients

From June 2009 to May 2015, we placed 56 self-expandable retrievable stents with fixation string in 42 patients (mean age, 60.8 years; age range, 34–81 years) with early benign stricture after UGI surgery. Inclusion criteria were: 1) patients underwent UGI surgery within 3 months, 2) benign stricture demonstrated radiologic study, 3) clinical symptom of indigestion, 4) treatment with retrievable stent. Exclusion criteria were: 1) patients underwent esophageal surgery, 2) stricture was caused by malignant disease.

There were 25 males (mean age, 60.7 years; age range, 35–76 years) and 17 females (mean age, 60.8 years; age range, 34–81 years). The cause of surgery was benign disease in 10 patients and malignant disease in 32 patients. Twelve patients who had received pylorus preserving gastrectomy were reported in a previous paper focusing on the management of post-operative pyloric spasms (17).

Upper gastrointestinal study was performed at 3 to 60 days (mean, 17.2 days) after operation. Benign stricture was defined as a narrowing segment maintaining a normal mucosal fold without a shouldering edge. Out of 42 patients, 35 had undergone balloon dilatation (balloon catheter of 18–25 mm in diameter) prior to stent placement. Due to immediate recoil or no improvement of diet, stent placement was required. Seven patients underwent primary stent placement due to severe long segmental stenosis on UGI study. The interval from surgery to stent placement was 5 to 65 days (mean, 19 days; median, 20 days). The demographic characteristics of these patients are summarized in Table 1.

Stent Construction

The stent used in this study was a covered retrievable Niti-S stent (Taewoong Medical, Gimpo, Korea). It was composed of a single thread of 0.1778 mm nitinol wire shaped with wide-diameter proximal and distal ends in a dumbbell configuration. The stent was fully covered with silicone and polytetrafluoroethylene. A polyester string of 150 cm in length was wrapped around the proximal end of the stent body (Fig. 1). The string was inside the introducer sheath. The end of the string exited through the side hole of the handle.

Stent Placement Techniques

Topical anesthesia of the pharynx was performed routinely using aerosol spray (Xylocaine; Astrazeneca Korea, Seoul, Korea) before stent placement procedure. Under fluoroscopic guidance, a 5F catheter and 0.035" hydrophilic guidewire (Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) were inserted through the mouth and advanced across the estimated stricture site. A small amount of water-soluble contrast medium was then injected while withdrawing the catheter to outline the stricture. After that, a 0.035" exchange stiff guidewire (Terumo) or extra-stiff guidewire (Lunderquist, Cook medical, Bloomington, IN, USA) was inserted and advanced across the stricture site. The stent delivery system was advanced over the guidewire. The retrievable stent of 8–15 cm in length and 20 mm in diameter was released over the stricture. After the stent was released, the string was passed through the mouth using the delivery system. A Nelaton tube (Qingdao Sewon Medical, Qingdao, China) was then inserted into the nostril and pulled out of the mouth using forceps. The string was tied to the Nelaton tube. By pulling the Nelaton tube, the string would come out of the nostril. After the Nelaton tube was cut off, the end of the string was tied to a 0.014-inch micro-guidewire (Transend; Boston Scientific, Natick, MA, USA). The micro-guidewire and the string were then passed through the Nelaton tube to reduce pain in the nostril caused by the string. After the micro-guidewire was cut off, the end of the string was wound around the gauze and anchored around the ear using a tape (Fig. 2).

To confirm the position of the stent, all patients underwent daily plain radiograph. We also checked whether they felt pain around the ear and nostril as the string was pulled down due to the stent with distal migration.

Removal of the stent was performed two weeks after the stent placement or when stent-related complications such as stent migration occurred. The string in the oral pharynx was grabbed with forceps and pulled out of the mouth. The end of the string was tied to 0.014-inch micro-guidewire (Transend). A 7-Fr guiding catheter (Envoy; Cordis, Miami Lakes, FL, USA) was then advanced over the micro-guidewire and the string to reach the proximal end of the stent. When the string was pulled, the proximal end of the stent was collapsed and the stent was retrieved (Supplementary Movie 1 in the online-only Data Supplement). Repositioning of the distally migrated stent was performed using a fashion similar to the removal technique (Fig. 3).

Analysis

Technical success was defined as successful deployment of the stent across the stricture with confirmation of patency using fluoroscopy. To assess clinical success, food intake capacities before and after stent placement were determined. Food intake capacity was categorized as non per os, sips of water, soft fluid diet, soft blend diet (SBD), and normal regular diet (NRD). Clinical success was defined as achieving NRD.

Migration was categorized into the following four groups: complete proximal migration, partial proximal migration, complete distal migration, and partial distal migration. Complete migration was defined as migration of the stent completely out of the stricture, whereas partial migration was defined as stent remaining partially within the stricture.

Independent t test was used to compare the stent indwelling time between the group that achieved clinical success with additional procedure after the initial stent removal was performed and the group that achieved clinical success without additional procedure after the initial stent removal. Statistical analysis was carried out using MedCalc for Windows, version 15.8 (MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium). Statistical significance was considered when p value was less than 0.05.

RESULTS

Of the 42 initial stents, 15 (35.7%) showed no migration. Malfunction was observed in 3 (7.1%) stents due to food impaction in two patients and stent kinking in one patient. Stent migration occurred in 24 (57.1%) initial stents (Fig. 4A).

All 15 stents without migration were electively removed under endoscopy or fluoroscopy guidance. Indwelling periods for these stents were 14 to 21 days in 14 patients and 7 days in one patient for whom the operator removed the stent without specific reason. All these 15 patients achieved NRD after stent removal (Fig. 5).

Two food-impacted stents were removed at 4 days and 7 days after placement, respectively. Without any additional procedure, one patient achieved NRD and the other patient achieved SBD. Stent malfunction due to stent kinking occurred in one patient. She had undergone Billroth II subtotal gastrectomy. The stent was placed at the anastomosis. However, the stent was collapsed immediately after placement. It did not improve on serial radiographs. The stent was removed at 7 days after placement. Food intake was not improved. Surgical management was carried out and an adhesion band around the anastomosis was revealed. This patient was able to achieve NRD after adhesiolysis.

Of the 24 migrated initial stents, 15 migrated proximally (partial, 3; complete, 12) and 9 migrated distally (partial, 2; complete, 7) (Fig. 4B). The period between stent placement and the occurrence of migration ranged from 1 to 14 days (mean, 3.6 days). All 15 proximally migrated stents were successfully removed. After stent removal, three patients achieved NRD without additional procedure, three patients underwent surgery (adhesiolysis in two patients and gastrojejunostomy in one patient), and the remaining nine patients underwent second stent placement.

Of the 9 distally migrated stents, one was discharged through the rectum at 14 days after placement without any complication and three were successfully removed. Repositioning of migrated stents was attempted for the remaining five stents. Out of the three patients with successful stent removal, one achieved NRD without additional procedure, one underwent second stent placement, and one achieved NRD after one session of balloon dilatation. Repositioning of the stent was successful in four of the five patients. In one patient, repositioning of the stent failed. Therefore, the stent was removed immediately. The patient underwent a second stent placement and two sessions of balloon dilatation. However, food intake did not improve. He achieved NRD after gastrojejunostomy.

All four successfully repositioned stents migrated distally again. Of these, two were successfully removed. The two patients achieved NRD without any additional procedure. For the remaining two patients, the removal of migrated stents failed because the operators lost the strings during retrieval. One patient achieved NRD without additional treatment and the stent passed through the rectum without complications. The other patient underwent surgical adhesiolysis due to persistent obstructive symptoms. The migrated stent was removed during surgery.

Eleven patients (nine patients with proximally migrated initial stents and two patients with distally migrated initial stents) received repeated stent placement (a total of 14 stents) (Fig. 4C). Of the 11 second-stents, 3 did not migrate. The three patients achieved NRD after successful elective stent removal. Eight of the 11 second-stents migrated (six proximally and two distally). All proximally migrated second-stents were removed successfully. After the removal, three patients achieved NRD, one achieved NRD after one session of balloon dilatation, and two underwent a third stent placement. Of the two distally migrated second-stents, one stent was repositioned but migrated distally again. It was successfully removed. The patient achieved NRD without any additional procedure. The other distally migrated second-stent was removed and the patient achieved NRD after two sessions of balloon dilatation and gastrojejunostomy. Of the two third-stents, one migrated proximally and the other migrated distally. These stents were successfully removed. One patient achieved NRD after stent removal. The other patient underwent a fourth stent placement. In this patient, the fourth stent was removed electively without migration. He achieved NRD.

In summary, 56 stents were placed in 42 patients. The technical success rate was 100%. The clinical success rate after the first stent placement was 57.1% (24/42). The clinical success rate after repeated stent placement and/or balloon dilation was 83.3% (35/42). Six (14.3%) patients achieved NRD after surgical correction. Stent migration occurred in 60.7% (34/56) of patients (Table 2). Stent removal was successful in 94.6% (53/56) of patients. Distal migration occurred in 12 stents. Among these, 10 (83.3%) stents were successfully removed whereas two stents could not be removed.

Among 35 patients who achieved NRD after stent placement and/or balloon dilation, the indwelling time of the initial stent was longer (p < 0.0001) in patients with clinical success after the first stent placement than that in patients with clinical success after repeated stent placement and/or balloon dilation (Table 3).

DISCUSSION

Anastomotic stricture occurs in 3 to 13% of patients after gastric surgery and in 18–50% of patients after esophagectomy (3). Early anastomotic strictures (within 3 months after the operation) are usually secondary to postoperative edema, while late strictures (more than 3 months after the operation) are related to fibrotic scarring (1 2). Anastomotic stricture can be treated with fluoroscopy or endoscopy-guided balloon dilatation, covered stent placement, or surgical revision (1 3 18 19). Balloon dilatation has been regarded as an initial treatment for benign anastomotic stricture. According to previously reported data, fluoroscopy-guided balloon dilatation is effective in 95% of anastomotic stricture after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy and 94% of total gastrectomy with Billroth I or II (19 20). However, fibrotic stricture or tortuous and angulated stricture such as those at the gastrojejunostomy site may be refractory to balloon dilatation (1 20). In such refractory cases, temporary placement of a covered metal stent can be an effective option (6 21 22 23). The covering of covered stents limits tissue ingrowth and allows for easy removal (6). However, it can increase the rate of stent migration compared to uncovered stents (6). In addition, the stent migration rate is higher in benign stricture than in malignant stricture (25–60% vs. 7–35%) (7 8 9). A few studies have reported that anastomotic stricture is more commonly associated with stent migration than other benign causes (16–30%), although there is no statistical significance (7 24). Stents for gastroesophageal junction and pylorus stricture can also increase the likelihood of migration (25 26).

If the migrated stent remains in the stomach, endoscopic removal of the stent is possible. However, removal of a more distally migrated stent is difficult or impossible. Most distally migrated stents can spontaneously pass through the rectum or remain in the body without any complications (7). In a few cases, however, distally migrated stents have caused intestinal perforation or obstruction leading to surgery (10 11 12 13 14). Retrieval hooks have been used to remove covered stents with drawstrings. However, it is also impossible to remove stents that have migrated too distally using a retrieval hook (7 27). Thus, to prevent migration of covered stents into the distal jejunum and facilitate the removal of migrated stents, covered stents with a long string anchoring to the ear of patient has been developed. This study determined the efficacy of using a fixation string to remove or reposition the distally migrated stent. A total of 10 out of 12 distally migrated stents were successfully removed using a fixation string and angiocatheter.

The migration rate of our stents was 60.7%, which was slightly higher than those reported in other studies (5 7 28). Such difference in migration rate might be due to different patient characteristics between this study and other studies. Patients in other studies had benign conditions such as radiation fibrosis, corrosive stricture, and achalasia (5 7 28), whereas the present study included only early anastomotic stricture after UGI surgery. The stenotic lesion of radiation fibrosis and corrosive stricture is relatively tight and long in length. However, anastomotic stenosis commonly represents a short segmental discrete lesion, which might result in more common stent migration at the anastomotic site. The straight course of anastomosis also can influence stent migration. The gastrojejunostomy site is more angulated than the gastroduodenostomy site. Therefore, migration is more common in gastroduodenostomy than that in gastrojejunostomy. (20)

The advantage of using a retrievable stent with a fixation string is that the distally migrated stent can be removed or repositioned using the string and angiocatheter. This can decrease the risk of bowel obstruction or perforation caused by the distally migrated stent. Repositioning of distally migrated stents can increase the indwelling time of stents and obviate the need for additional stents. However, patients might have pain in their nostrils or ears due to the string. An inexperienced operator may lose the string during stent removal or repositioning, resulting in failure of stent removal.

The optimal indwelling time of the retrievable stent has not been established. Song et al. (29) have reported that stent migration after 2 months does not form new strictures. The optimal duration for stent placement would be 4–8 weeks (29). We removed the stent with a string electively two weeks after the placement if the stent showed no migration. No patient suffered from recurrence of the stricture after stent removal. Song et al. (29) have mainly dealt with corrosive stricture of the esophagus. Because corrosive stricture is a tight fibrotic stricture, sufficient indwelling time of the stent is required. In contrast, early anastomotic stricture is an edematous lesion. Therefore, shorter indwelling time of the stent may be sufficient. We believe that 2 weeks of stent indwelling time is enough for early anastomotic stricture.

This study has several limitations. First, this study was retrospectively conducted in a single center with a small number of patients. Second, retrievable stent placement after esophageal surgery was not included. Experiences are required to obtain clinical result of retrievable stent placement regarding other anastomotic sites. Third, because this is a retrospective study, we were unable to evaluate the pain scores of patients' nostrils and/or ears. Fourth, in this study, 35 patients received balloon dilatation before stent placement whereas 7 patients received primary stenting due to severe stenosis. Patients underwent various kinds of surgeries with diverse clinical course. Thus, neither standard treatment algorithm nor significant factors affecting clinical outcome could be retrieved from this study. Fifth, patients were usually discharged when they could tolerate SBD after stent removal. Thus, this retrospective study was not able to determine the exact time when the patient achieved NRD after the stent removal.

In conclusion, placement of a retrievable covered stent with a fixation string is a feasible option for managing early benign anastomotic stricture after UGI surgery. Complications from distally migrated stents might be reduced by using a retrievable stent with a fixation string.

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

Stent used in this study.

It is composed of single thread of 0.1778 mm nitinol wire. It is fully covered with silicone and polytetrafluoroethylene. Both ends of stent are flared. Polyester string is wrapped around proximal end of stent body. Diameter of stent body is 20 mm. Diameter of proximal or distal end is 28 mm.

Fig. 2

Anterior (A) and oblique (B) view showing how to fix string after stent placement.

String outside body is covered by Nelaton tube to reduce pain of nostril and ear. End of string was wound around gauze and anchored around ear using tape to prevent distal migration of stent.

Fig. 3

58-year-old female who had undergone gastrojejunostomy for gastrointestinal stromal tumor of stomach received repositioning of distally migrated stent.

A. 20 × 120 mm retrievable stent with string was placed at anastomotic stricture site. Plain radiography obtained 5 days after stent placement revealed complete distal migration of stent. B. 7F guiding catheter was introduced over string to reach proximal end of migrated stent. C. String was pulled and stent was repositioned proximally with guiding catheter. D. When stent was repositioned at original location, string was released and guiding catheter was removed from body.

Fig. 4

Clinical outcome of study population.

A. Results of 42 initially placed stents. B. Results of 24 migrated initial stents. NRD = normal regular diet, SBD = soft blend diet, Tx = treatment C. Results of 14 repeated stents. NRD = normal regular diet

Fig. 5

63-year-old man with anastomotic stricture after Billroth I subtotal gastrectomy for gastric lipoma.

A. UGI study obtained 8 days after surgery showing segmental narrowing (arrows) at anastomotic site with passage disturbance. B. 20 × 120 mm retrievable stent was placed covering stricture site. C. Stent was removed electively 20 days after placement. Follow-up UGI study obtained after stent removal showed widened previous stricture site (arrows) and good passage of contrast medium. UGI = upper gastrointestinal

Table 1

Characteristics of 42 Patients Who Received Retrievable Stent for Benign Stricture after Gastrointestinal Surgery

Characteristic	Number
Patients	42
Mean age (y) (range)	60.8 (34–81)
M:F	25:17
Etiology for surgery
Malignant disease	32
Benign disease	10
Type of surgery
Billroth I subtotal gastrectomy	16
Pylorus preserving gastrectomy	12
Billroth II subtotal gastrectomy	5
Stomach wedge resection	4
Roux-en-Y bypass	2
Pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy	1
Duodenal primary repair	1
Duodenal diverticulectomy	1
Stricture site
Gastroduodenostomy	16
Gastrojejunostomy	6
Pylorus	12
Stomach body^*	4
Duodenum^†	2
Efferent loop	2
Pre-intervention diet
NPO	27
SOW	8
SFD	6
SBD	1

^*Stomach body stricture after wedge resection, ^†Duodenal bulb stricture after primary repair of duodenal ulcer and duodenal second portion stricture after duodenal diverticulectomy. NPO = non per os, SBD = soft bland diet, SFD = soft fluid diet, SOW = sips of water

Table 2

Migration Rates of Total 56 Stents in 42 Patients

	1st Stent	2nd	3rd	4th	Total
No migration	15 (35.7%)	3 (27.3%)	0	1	18 (32.1%)
Migration	24 (57.1%)	8 (72.7%)	2	0	34 (60.7%)
Partial proximal	3	0	0		3
Complete proximal	12	6	1		19
Partial distal	2	1	0		3
Complete distal	7	1	1		9

Table 3

Comparison of Indwelling Time of Initial Stent between Patients with Clinical Success after First Stent Placement and Patients with Clinical Success after Repeated Stent Placement and/or Balloon Dilation

	Clinical Success after 1st Stent Placement	Clinical Success after Repeated Stent Placement and/or Balloon Dilation
Patient number	24	11
Indwelling time (days) (mean ± standard deviation)	11.9 ± 6.0	3.0 ± 2.7
p value	< 0.0001

References

1. Kim JH, Song HY, Park SW, Yoon CJ, Shin JH, Yook JH, et al. Early symptomatic strictures after gastric surgery: palliation with balloon dilation and stent placement. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2008; 19:565–570.

2. Palermo M, Acquafresca PA, Rogula T, Duza GE, Serra E. Late surgical complications after gastric by-pass: a literature review. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2015; 28:139–143.

3. Kim JH, Shin JH, Song HY. Fluoroscopically guided balloon dilation for benign anastomotic stricture in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Korean J Radiol. 2008; 9:364–370.

4. Kim JH, Shin JH, Di ZH, Ko GY, Yoon HK, Sung KB, et al. Benign duodenal strictures: treatment by means of fluoroscopically guided balloon dilation. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005; 16:543–548.

5. Song HY, Jung HY, Park SI, Kim SB, Lee DH, Kang SG, et al. Covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents in patients with benign esophageal strictures: initial experience. Radiology. 2000; 217:551–557.

6. Yaffee DW, Solomon B, Xia Y, Grossi EA, Zervos MD, Bizekis CS. Initial outcomes of symmetrically flared covered nitinol stents for esophageal pathologies. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2015; 25:420–423.

7. Ko HK, Song HY, Shin JH, Lee GH, Jung HY, Park SI. Fate of migrated esophageal and gastroduodenal stents: experience in 70 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007; 18:725–732.

8. Song HY, Lee DH, Seo TS, Kim SB, Jung HY, Kim JH, et al. Retrievable covered nitinol stents: experiences in 108 patients with malignant esophageal strictures. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002; 13:285–293.

9. Eloubeidi MA, Talreja JP, Lopes TL, Al-Awabdy BS, Shami VM, Kahaleh M. Success and complications associated with placement of fully covered removable self-expandable metal stents for benign esophageal diseases (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2011; 73:673–681.

10. Kim HC, Han JK, Kim TK, Do KH, Kim HB, Park JH, et al. Duodenal perforation as a delayed complication of placement of an esophageal stent. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2000; 11:902–904.

11. Henne TH, Schaeff B, Paolucci V. Small-bowel obstruction and perforation. A rare complication of an esophageal stent. Surg Endosc. 1997; 11:383–338.

12. Zhang W, Meng WJ, Zhou ZG. Multiple perforations of the jejunum caused by a migrated esophageal stent. Endoscopy. 2011; 43:Suppl 2 UCTN. E145–E146.

13. Moxey PW, Khan AZ, Karanjia ND. A case of small-bowel perforation caused by a migrated duodenal stent. Endoscopy. 2007; Suppl 1. 39:E54.

14. Karatepe O, Acet E, Altiok M, Battal M, Adas G, Karahan S. Esophageal stent migration can lead to intestinal obstruction. N Am J Med Sci. 2009; 1:63–65.

15. Endo M, Kaminou T, Ohuchi Y, Sugiura K, Yata S, Adachi A, et al. Development of a new hanging-type esophageal stent for preventing migration: a preliminary study in an animal model of esophagotracheal fistula. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2012; 35:1188–1194.

16. Lyons CD, Kim MP, Blackmon SH. A novel fixation procedure to eliminate covered self-expanding metal stent migration. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012; 94:1748–1750.

17. Bae JS, Kim SH, Shin CI, Joo I, Yoon JH, Lee HJ, et al. Efficacy of gastric balloon dilatation and/or retrievable stent insertion for pyloric spasms after pyloruspreserving gastrectomy: retrospective analysis. PLoS One. 2015; 10:e0144470.

18. Bae JI, Shin JH, Song HY, Lee GH. Treatment of a benign anastomotic duodenojejunal stricture with a polytetrafluoroethylene-covered retrievable expandable nitinol stent. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004; 15:769–772.

19. Kim HC, Shin JH, Song HY, Park SI, Ko GY, Youn HK, et al. Fluoroscopically guided balloon dilation for benign anastomotic stricture after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy: experience in 62 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005; 16:1699–1704.

20. Kim JH, Shin JH, Bae JI, Di ZH, Lim JO, Kim TH, et al. Gastric outlet obstruction caused by benign anastomotic stricture: treatment by fluoroscopically guided balloon dilation. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005; 16:699–704.

21. Zhang J, Ren L, Huo J, Zhu Z, Liu D. The use of retrievable fully covered self-expanding metal stent in refractory postoperative restenosis of benign esophageal stricture in children. J Pediatr Surg. 2013; 48:2235–2240.

22. Kim JH, Song HY, Choi EK, Kim KR, Shin JH, Lim JO. Temporary metallic stent placement in the treatment of refractory benign esophageal strictures: results and factors associated with outcome in 55 patients. Eur Radiol. 2009; 19:384–390.

23. Chung KH, Lee SH, Park JM, Lee JM, Shin CM, Ahn SH, et al. Partially covered self-expandable metallic stent for postoperative benign strictures associated with laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy. Gastric Cancer. 2016; 19:280–286.

24. Gangloff A, Lecleire S, Di Fiore A, Huet E, Iwanicki-Caron I, Antonietti M, et al. Fully versus partially covered self-expandable metal stents in benign esophageal strictures. Dis Esophagus. 2015; 28:678–683.

25. Park JH, Song HY, Shin JH, Cho YC, Kim JH, Kim SH, et al. Migration of retrievable expandable metallic stents inserted for malignant esophageal strictures: incidence, management, and prognostic factors in 332 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015; 204:1109–1114.

26. Choi WJ, Park JJ, Park J, Lim EH, Joo MK, Yun JW, et al. Effects of the temporary placement of a self-expandable metallic stent in benign pyloric stenosis. Gut Liver. 2013; 7:417–422.

27. Yoon CJ, Shin JH, Song HY, Lim JO, Yoon HK, Sung KB. Removal of retrievable esophageal and gastrointestinal stents: experience in 113 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004; 183:1437–1444.

28. Cheng YS, Li MH, Chen WX, Chen NW, Zhuang QX, Shang KZ. Complications of stent placement for benign stricture of gastrointestinal tract. World J Gastroenterol. 2004; 10:284–286.

29. Song HY, Park SI, Do YS, Yoon HK, Sung KB, Sohn KH, et al. Expandable metallic stent placement in patients with benign esophageal strictures: results of long-term follow-up. Radiology. 1997; 203:131–136.

Supplementary materials

Supplementary Movie Legends

Movie 1. Removal of a retrievable stent that had proximally migrated into the stomach. Under fluoroscopic guidance, the 7F guiding catheter was introduced over the string to reach the proximal end of the stent. By pulling the string, the proximal end of the stent was collapsed. The collapsed stent and the guiding catheter were then removed from the body.

TOOLS

Similar articles