Journal List > Korean J Physiol Pharmacol > v.21(6) > 1026218

TOOLS
Bang, Seo, Chung, Kim, Lee, Lee, Kwak, Kim, Kim, Oh, Son, Kim, and Han: Ursolic acid supplementation decreases markers of skeletal muscle damage during resistance training in resistance-trained men: a pilot study
Original Article

The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology 2017; 21(6): 651-656.

Published online: 30 October 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.6.651

Ursolic acid supplementation decreases markers of skeletal muscle damage during resistance training in resistance-trained men: a pilot study

Hyun Seok Bang1, #, Dae Yun Seo2, #, Young Min Chung3, Do Hyung Kim4, Sam-Jun Lee1, Sung Ryul Lee2, Hyo-Bum Kwak5, Tae Nyun Kim2, Min Kim2, Kyoung-Mo Oh6, Young Jin Son7, Sanghyun Kim8, Jin Han2

1Department of Physical Education, College of Health, Social Welfare and Education, Tong Myong University, Busan 48520, Korea.

2National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK 21 Plus Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea.

3School of Free Major, Tong Myong University, Busan 48520, Korea.

4Department of Physical Education, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea.

5Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.

6Department of Sports Leisure, College of Kyungsang, Busan 47583, Korea.

7Department of Sports Industry, Busan University of Foreign Studies, Busan 46234, Korea.

8Department of Sports Science, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.

Correspondence: Jin Han. phyhanj@inje.ac.kr

Equal contributor:

#These authors contributed equally to this work.

Received 20 June 2017       Revised 24 August 2017       Accepted 7 September 2017

Copyright © 2017 The Korean Physiological Society and The Korean Society of Pharmacology

The Korean Physiological Society and The Korean Society of Pharmacology

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Ursolic acid (UA) supplementation was previously shown to improve skeletal muscle function in resistance-trained men. This study aimed to determine, using the same experimental paradigm, whether UA also has beneficial effects on exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage markers including the levels of cortisol, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in resistance-trained men. Sixteen healthy participants were randomly assigned to resistance training (RT) or RT+UA groups (n=8 per group). Participants were trained according to the RT program (60~80% of 1 repetition, 6 times/week), and the UA group was additionally given UA supplementation (450 mg/day) for 8 weeks. Blood samples were obtained before and after intervention, and cortisol, BNP, myoglobin, CK, CK-MB, and LDH levels were analyzed. Subjects who underwent RT alone showed no significant change in body composition and markers of skeletal muscle damage, whereas RT+UA group showed slightly decreased body weight and body fat percentage and slightly increased lean body mass, but without statistical significance. In addition, UA supplementation significantly decreased the BNP, CK, CK-MB, and LDH levels (p<0.05). In conclusion, UA supplementation alleviates increased skeletal muscle damage markers after RT. This finding provides evidence for a potential new therapy for resistance-trained men.

Keywords: Resistance training, Resistance-trained men, Skeletal muscle damage markers, Ursolic acid

INTRODUCTION

Regular resistance exercise is an excellent strategy that enhances physical fitness, including muscle strength and skeletal muscle hypertrophy [123]. Although the optimal resistance exercise protocol for promoting muscular strength is unknown, it is common for resistance-trained men to perform resistance exercise to skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Resistance exercise provides mechanical tension, which induces skeletal muscle overload [45]. It has been postulated that resistance exercise–induced chronic skeletal muscle damage in men contributes to the triggering of skeletal muscle dysfunction via increase in markers of skeletal muscle damage [6]. These skeletal muscle damage markers, including creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase–myocardial band (CK-MB), troponin(s), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) [78910], and myoglobin, play a role in skeletal muscle soreness through tears in supportive connective tissue [11], sarcolemma [12], basal lamina [13], z-disk [14], and in structures that injure contractile elements and the cytoskeleton [15]. Furthermore, interventions that decrease markers support attenuation of skeletal muscle damage, increase in physical function, and maintenance of the intracellular anabolic metabolism for training adaptation process. Toward this end, different approaches have been tried to recognize the best novel supplementation strategy that can protect against increased skeletal muscle damage markers in resistance-trained men.
Various nutritional approaches [16], in particular plant-origin products [17], enhance skeletal muscle function [18] and anabolic response to resistance exercise [19]. Although dietary supplementation has been shown to increase muscle strength, it has not been determined whether dietary supplementation with resistance training (RT) may protect against increase in skeletal muscle damage markers in resistance-trained men. Furthermore, the importance of this study is highlighted by the recent rise in strategies for prevention of skeletal muscle damage using supplementation in resistance-trained men [20]. In particular, ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid carboxylic acid, is found in various plants, edible vegetables, and medicinal herbs. Its biological activities are widely recognized, including its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperlipidemic effects [2122]. Recently, UA has been reported to increase skeletal muscle mass [23], reverse ischemia-induced cardiac dysfunction in mouse cardiac myocytes [24], and improve cardiac failure in animals [25]. However, the effects of UA on skeletal muscle damage markers in resistance-trained men are yet to be investigated. Thus, we aimed to determine the role of UA supplementation on the levels of markers of skeletal muscle damage in resistance-trained men.

METHODS

Participants

Sixteen healthy resistance-trained male volunteers (mean age, 33.00±1.30 years; mean body weight, 85.14±3.16 kg) were enrolled in the study. All participants were experienced resistance-trained (RT) athletes who had consistently trained under personalized skeletal muscle hypertrophy programs for 3 years. To further verify the effect of UA on skeletal muscle damage in resistance-trained men, participants without injury who performed RT at least three times per week to sustain skeletal muscle hypertrophy with repetition range, as previously described in the literature, were recruited [26]. Participants with chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes, or obesity diagnosed 6 months before the study were excluded. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: RT (control group) and RT+UA (intervention group). The intervention was performed for 8 weeks. All participants was given informed consent before participation in the study, and ethical approval was given by the Institutional Review Board at Pusan National University.

RT protocol

The RT program was designed by a professional strength and conditioning specialist. The specialist determined the 1 repetition maximum (1 RM) intensity for each subject before the study, as previously described [27]. All subjects trained 6 times per week and adopted the program to become familiar with all exercise sessions. The program was started in the early evening after the participants returned from work. Participants performed the RT program for 8 weeks, consisting 26 exercise types (13 upper-body and 13 lower-body training exercises). Every exercise included 60% to 80% of 1 RM, and all five sets were completed with 60 to 90 s inter-set rest, as previously described [27].

UA supplementation

The participants took one 150 mg UA capsule (Labrada, Houston, TX, USA) after each meal, for a total of 3 capsules/day (450 mg in total), for 8 weeks. The supplementation protocols were given in detail in our previous study [27]. We monitored the dietary pattern of the subjects via cellular phone or via laboratory visits during the study.

Body composition and blood parameters

Body composition and blood parameters were measured before and after the 8-week intervention period. Body composition was measured using a multi-frequency electrical impedance analyzer (X-scan Plus II, Jawon Medical, Seoul, Korea). Blood samples were obtained from the antecubital vein after 10 hours of fasting. The blood samples were centrifuged at 1,500 g and 4℃ for 15 min and frozen at -80℃ until analysis. CK, LDH, and CK-MB levels were measured using an automated analyzer from Hoffman-LaRoche (Basel, Switzerland). Cortisol level was measured using an automated analyzer from Hitachi (Tokyo, Japan). myoglobin level was measured using an automated analyzer from Beckman Coulter (Brea, CA, USA). BNP level was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits from Biosite Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA) [28].

Statistics analysis

All data were expressed as mean±standard error (SEM) using SPSS version 22.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). To determine the mean difference between groups, the data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance with repeated measurements (group [RT and RT+UA] by time [before and after 8 weeks]). If the interaction (time x group) was found to be significant, within-group comparisons were made using paired t-test. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

RESULTS

Characteristics of participants

Participants were assigned to either the RT group (n=8) or the RT+UA group (n=8) for the 8-week intervention period. The baseline characteristics of the study participants are presented in Table 1. There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics of the participants between both groups. Body weight and body fat percentage slightly decreased in both groups after 8 weeks, but were not statistically significant. On the contrary, lean body mass was slightly increased in both groups after 8 weeks, but without statistical significance.

Makers of skeletal muscle damage

The changes in the levels of skeletal muscle damage markers from baseline to after 8 weeks are presented in Table 2. In the RT group, there were no significant changes in any parameters before and after 8 weeks, whereas for the RT+UA group, there was a significant treatment-by-time interaction for BNP, CK, CK-MB, cortisol, LDH, and myoblobin (p<0.05). In addition, in the RT+UA group, UA supplementation significantly decreased the levels of BNP, CK, CK-MB, and LDH (p<0.05). The changes in all parameters were significantly (p<0.05) different between groups (Fig. 1).

DISCUSSION

In the present study, we found that RT with UA supplementation in resistance-trained men caused a decline in the levels of skeletal muscle damage markers, such as BNP, CK, CK-MB, and LDH. However, we did not find significant reduction in body weight or body fat percentage or increase in skeletal muscle mass. These findings suggest that UA supplementation has beneficial effects on attenuating the increase in skeletal muscle damage markers in resistance-trained men during the 8-week RT.
Regular RT enhances skeletal muscle mass and muscular strength, which sustains physical fitness [29]. RT leads to successful skeletal muscle hypertrophy, but it also causes increase in skeletal muscle damage markers and reduction in skeletal muscle regenerative factors [3031]. Thus, it is important to maintain the balance of these parameters in resistance-trained men. Additionally, the use of these programs without concomitant nutritional support can lead to skeletal damage and soreness, which can have an effect on increased CK in blood and block the recovery of skeletal muscle damage and function [32]. Based on these previous results, we hypothesized that the participants who underwent regular, high-intensity RT would have a higher level of skeletal muscle damage markers during the 8 weeks. Unexpectedly, we found that the level of skeletal muscle damage markers, such as CK (39.73%), BNP (19.08%), CK-MB (2.58%), cortisol (14.66%), LDH (8.23%), and myoglobin (10.16%), showed a slight tendency to increase with RT, but statistical significance was not reached. It is possible that in some of the previous studies resistance-trained men, who always performed high intensity RT, have sustained increase in skeletal damage markers, compared with untrained men [33]. However, other study reported that an increase in CK levels in blood damages the skeletal muscle cell structure [34] and leads to a decrease in exercise performance after high RT periods [35]. These findings suggest that the RT protocol cannot possibly affect higher levels of these markers in resistance-trained men compared with untrained men. In addition, the discrepancy between the present and previous studies might be due to difference in RT intensity, and duration of training in resistance-trained men. Thus, further studies are necessary to elucidate the influence of RT protocols on the exercise-induced release of skeletal muscle damage markers to understand its role in the physiological response to RT protocols in resistance-trained men.
Recently, growing evidences suggest that UA is beneficial for the improvement of energy expenditure and skeletal muscle function through the activation of protein synthesis and inhibition of skeletal muscle atrophy [363738]. Additionally, the rationale behind our selection of UA was the recent strong finding based on the level of biomarkers of cardiac and liver damage in disease rodent models [3940]. However, whether UA supplementation affects release of skeletal muscle damage markers during RT in resistance-trained men is unclear. As expected, we found that RT with UA supplementation in resistance-trained men promoted a decline in the level of skeletal muscle damage markers, such as serum BNP, CK, CK-MB, and LDH. These findings suggest that the decrease in the levels of these markers induced by UA may lead to the recovery of the skeletal muscle damage markers during RT in resistance-trained men. It is important to note that UA supplementation is considered to contribute to decrease in skeletal muscle damage markers. A similar study by Radhiga et al. [40] suggested that UA could decrease CK, CK-MB, and LDH in rats with cardiac infarct. In addition, Bakhtiari et al. [36] reported that UA promoted skeletal muscle regeneration by differentiation of satellite cells. These results suggest that UA exhibited protective effect against increased skeletal damage markers and degradation of regeneration factors including satellite cells in resistance-trained men. This study, therefore, is the first to report that UA supplementation effectively suppresses skeletal muscle damage markers in resistance-trained men. Our results provide a compelling evidence that UA can be a potential dietary method for inhibition of skeletal muscle damage markers during RT in resistance-trained men, with in-depth molecular mechanisms requiring further investigation.
The presented results have some limitations. First, the sample size observed in this study was relatively small. Second, we only studied healthy resistance-trained men. Future study on UA supplementation with and without RT should be performed in participants with chronic diseases such as skeletal muscle atrophy, aging, obesity, and diabetes. Third, follow-up studies are necessary to determine the relationship between skeletal muscle damage markers and skeletal muscle function. Finally, the duration of high-intensity exercise was short.
In conclusion, the present study revealed that UA supplementation inhibited the skeletal muscle damage markers during RT in resistance-trained men, hence suggesting that it will be an alternative therapy against skeletal muscle damage after RT.

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

Percentage of changes in markers of skeletal muscle damage at baseline and after 8 weeks of RT and RT+UA in resistance-trained men.

(A) B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), (B) creatine kinase (CK), (C) creatine kinase–myocardial band (CK-MB), (D) cortisol, (E) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and (F) myoglobin. Data are presented as mean±SE. *p<0.05, vs. the RT group.
kjpp-21-651-g001
Table 1

Characteristics and body composition of participants at baseline and after 8 weeks of interventions

kjpp-21-651-i001

Data are presented as mean±SE. RT, resistance training; UA, ursolic acid.

Table 2

Markers of skeletal muscle damage at baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention

kjpp-21-651-i002

Data are presented as mean±SE. BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; CK, creatine kinase; CK-MB, creatine kinase–myocardial band; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; RT, resistance training; UA, ursolic acid. †p<0.05 vs. baseline (within-group). #p<0.05 vs. the RT group (group-by-time interaction).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), and the funding was granted by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning of Korea (2015R1A2A1A13001900) and by the Ministry of Education of Korea (2010-0020224).

Notes

Author contributions H.S.B., D.Y.S., and J.H. conceived and designed the study. Y.M.C., D.H.K., K.M.O., and Y.J.S. performed experiments. S.J.L., S.R.L., H.B.K., T.N.K., M.K., and S.H.K. analysed the data. H.S.B., D.Y.S., and J.H. wrote the manuscript.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

1. Mendes R, Sousa N, Themudo-Barata J, Reis V. Impact of a community-based exercise programme on physical fitness in middle-aged and older patients with type 2 diabetes. Gac Sanit. 2016; 30:215–220.
2. Goldberg AL, Etlinger JD, Goldspink DF, Jablecki C. Mechanism of work-induced hypertrophy of skeletal muscle. Med Sci Sports. 1975; 7:185–198.
3. Seo DY, Lee SR, Kim N, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Han J. Humanized animal exercise model for clinical implication. Pflugers Arch. 2014; 466:1673–1687.
4. Popov DV, Lysenko EA, Bachinin AV, Miller TF, Kurochkina NS, Kravchenko IV, Furalyov VA, Vinogradova OL. Influence of resistance exercise intensity and metabolic stress on anabolic signaling and expression of myogenic genes in skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve. 2015; 51:434–442.
5. Kim JS, Yoon DH, Kim HJ, Choi MJ, Song W. Resistance exercise reduced the expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 in skeletal muscle of aged mice. Integr Med Res. 2016; 5:230–235.
6. Clarkson PM, Nosaka K, Braun B. Muscle function after exerciseinduced muscle damage and rapid adaptation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992; 24:512–520.
7. Moat SJ, Korpimäki T, Furu P, Hakala H, Polari H, Meriö L, Mäkinen P, Weeks I. Characterization of a blood spot creatine kinase skeletal muscle isoform immunoassay for high-throughput newborn screening of duchenne muscular dystrophy. Clin Chem. 2017; 63:908–914.
8. Chen YC, Sumandea MP, Larsson L, Moss RL, Ge Y. Dissecting human skeletal muscle troponin proteoforms by top-down mass spectrometry. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 2015; 36:169–181.
9. Larsen AI, Skadberg Ø, Aarsland T, Kvaløy JT, Lindal S, Omland T, Dickstein K. B-type natriuretic peptide is related to histological skeletal muscle abnormalities in patients with chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2009; 136:358–362.
10. Washington TA, Healey JM, Thompson RW, Lowe LL, Carson JA. Lactate dehydrogenase regulation in aged skeletal muscle: Regulation by anabolic steroids and functional overload. Exp Gerontol. 2014; 57:66–74.
11. Stauber WT, Clarkson PM, Fritz VK, Evans WJ. Extracellular matrix disruption and pain after eccentric muscle action. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1990; 69:868–874.
12. Takekura H, Fujinami N, Nishizawa T, Ogasawara H, Kasuga N. Eccentric exercise-induced morphological changes in the membrane systems involved in excitation-contraction coupling in rat skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 2001; 533:571–583.
13. Koskinen SO, Wang W, Ahtikoski AM, Kjaer M, Han XY, Komulainen J, Kovanen V, Takala TE. Acute exercise induced changes in rat skeletal muscle mRNAs and proteins regulating type IV collagen content. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2001; 280:R1292–R1300.
14. Lieber RL, Fridén J. Selective damage of fast glycolytic muscle fibres with eccentric contraction of the rabbit tibialis anterior. Acta Physiol Scand. 1988; 133:587–588.
15. Fridén J, Seger J, Ekblom B. Sublethal muscle fibre injuries after high-tension anaerobic exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1988; 57:360–368.
16. Seo DY, McGregor RA, Noh SJ, Choi SJ, Mishchenko NP, Fedoreyev SA, Stonik VA, Han J. Echinochrome a improves exercise capacity during short-term endurance training in rats. Mar Drugs. 2015; 13:5722–5731.
17. Seo DY, Kwak HB, Lee SR, Cho YS, Song IS, Kim N, Bang HS, Rhee BD, Ko KS, Park BJ, Han J. Effects of aged garlic extract and endurance exercise on skeletal muscle FNDC-5 and circulating irisin in high-fat-diet rat models. Nutr Res Pract. 2014; 8:177–182.
18. Kunkel SD, Suneja M, Ebert SM, Bongers KS, Fox DK, Malmberg SE, Alipour F, Shields RK, Adams CM. mRNA expression signatures of human skeletal muscle atrophy identify a natural compound that increases muscle mass. Cell Metab. 2011; 13:627–638.
19. Volek JS. Influence of nutrition on responses to resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004; 36:689–696.
20. Klinkenberg LJ, Res PT, Haenen GR, Bast A, van Loon LJ, van Dieijen-Visser MP, Meex SJ. Effect of antioxidant supplementation on exercise-induced cardiac troponin release in cyclists: a randomized trial. PLoS One. 2013; 8:e79280.
21. Ma JQ, Ding J, Zhang L, Liu CM. Ursolic acid protects mouse liver against CCl4-induced oxidative stress and inflammation by the MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2014; 37:975–983.
22. Wang YL, Wang ZJ, Shen HL, Yin M, Tang KX. Effects of artesunate and ursolic acid on hyperlipidemia and its complications in rabbit. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2013; 50:366–371.
23. Kunkel SD, Elmore CJ, Bongers KS, Ebert SM, Fox DK, Dyle MC, Bullard SA, Adams CM. Ursolic acid increases skeletal muscle and brown fat and decreases diet-induced obesity, glucose intolerance and fatty liver disease. PLoS One. 2012; 7:e39332.
24. Senthil S, Chandramohan G, Pugalendi KV. Isomers (oleanolic and ursolic acids) differ in their protective effect against isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemia in rats. Int J Cardiol. 2007; 119:131–133.
25. Somova LI, Shode FO, Mipando M. Cardiotonic and antidysrhythmic effects of oleanolic and ursolic acids, methyl maslinate and uvaol. Phytomedicine. 2004; 11:121–129.
26. American College of Sports Medicine. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009; 41:687–708.
27. Bang HS, Seo DY, Chung YM, Oh KM, Park JJ, Arturo F, Jeong SH, Kim N, Han J. Ursolic Acid-induced elevation of serum irisin augments muscle strength during resistance training in men. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2014; 18:441–446.
28. Maisel A, Hollander JE, Guss D, McCullough P, Nowak R, Green G, Saltzberg M, Ellison SR, Bhalla MA, Bhalla V, Clopton P, Jesse R. Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatient Trial investigators. Primary results of the Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatient Trial (REDHOT). A multicenter study of B-type natriuretic peptide levels, emergency department decision making, and outcomes in patients presenting with shortness of breath. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 44:1328–1333.
29. Steele J, Fisher J, Skivington M, Dunn C, Arnold J, Tew G, Batterham AM, Nunan D, O'Driscoll JM, Mann S, Beedie C, Jobson S, Smith D, Vigotsky A, Phillips S, Estabrooks P, Winett R. A higher effort-based paradigm in physical activity and exercise for public health: making the case for a greater emphasis on resistance training. BMC Public Health. 2017; 17:300.
30. Bellamy LM, Joanisse S, Grubb A, Mitchell CJ, McKay BR, Phillips SM, Baker S, Parise G. The acute satellite cell response and skeletal muscle hypertrophy following resistance training. PLoS One. 2014; 9:e109739.
31. Verdijk LB, Gleeson BG, Jonkers RA, Meijer K, Savelberg HH, Dendale P, van Loon LJ. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy following resistance training is accompanied by a fiber type-specific increase in satellite cell content in elderly men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009; 64:332–339.
32. Vincent HK, Vincent KR. The effect of training status on the serum creatine kinase response, soreness and muscle function following resistance exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1997; 18:431–437.
33. Fehrenbach E, Niess AM, Schlotz E, Passek F, Dickhuth HH, Northoff H. Transcriptional and translational regulation of heat shock proteins in leukocytes of endurance runners. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000; 89:704–710.
34. Hornemann T, Stolz M, Wallimann T. Isoenzyme-specific interaction of muscle-type creatine kinase with the sarcomeric M-line is mediated by NH(2)-terminal lysine charge-clamps. J Cell Biol. 2000; 149:1225–1234.
35. Johnston RD, Gibson NV, Twist C, Gabbett TJ, MacNay SA, Mac-Farlane NG. Physiological responses to an intensified period of rugby league competition. J Strength Cond Res. 2013; 27:643–654.
36. Bakhtiari N, Hosseinkhani S, Tashakor A, Hemmati R. Ursolic acid ameliorates aging-metabolic phenotype through promoting of skeletal muscle rejuvenation. Med Hypotheses. 2015; 85:1–6.
37. Chu X, He X, Shi Z, Li C, Guo F, Li S, Li Y, Na L, Sun C. Ursolic acid increases energy expenditure through enhancing free fatty acid uptake and β-oxidation via an UCP3/AMPK-dependent pathway in skeletal muscle. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2015; 59:1491–1503.
38. Katashima CK, Silva VR, Gomes TL, Pichard C, Pimentel GD. Ursolic acid and mechanisms of actions on adipose and muscle tissue: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2017; 18:700–711.
39. Saravanan R, Viswanathan P, Pugalendi KV. Protective effect of ursolic acid on ethanol-mediated experimental liver damage in rats. Life Sci. 2006; 78:713–718.
40. Radhiga T, Rajamanickam C, Senthil S, Pugalendi KV. Effect of ursolic acid on cardiac marker enzymes, lipid profile and macroscopic enzyme mapping assay in isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemic rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012; 50:3971–3977.
TOOLS
Similar articles