A 32-year-old female with known corneal opacity and decreased visual acuity of the right eye, which was noticed three weeks prior to visit, was referred to our clinic. Previously, in 2008, she visited an ophthalmologist due to decreased visual acuity measuring 20 / 50, and a pannus-like elevated nodular opacity was found at the right superotemporal cornea (Fig. 1A). Following suspicion of herpetic keratoconjunctivitis, she received two subcon-junctival and intrastromal bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA) injections with a one month interval. Within one month after the last injection, the diameter of abnormal new vessels decreased to some degree, but the extent of corneal NV and opacity remained stationary (Fig. 1B). Further bevacizumab treatment was abandoned because the lesion showed no improvement during the next six months and no other treatment was given to the patient for the next four years.

At her first visit to our clinic, the patient's best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measured 20 / 250 in the right eye and a central corneal opacity was observed along with new, abnormal vessels growing in from the superotemporal side (Fig. 1C), suggestive of herpetic keratoconjunctivitis. After administration of Virgan (0.15% ganciclovir; Samil, Seoul, Korea) ointment and Gatiflo (0.3% gatifloxacin; Handok, Seoul, Korea) eye drops for six months, the patient underwent two subconjunctival and intrastromal ranibizumab (Lucentis, Genentech Inc.) injections in the right eye, with a one month interval. At two months postoperatively, there was significant decline in both the neovascular area (by 8.02%) and vessel caliber compared to the initial lesion (Fig. 1D). Anterior segment photograph taken by a built-in camera on a surgical microscope (Leica F40; Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) at three months after the initial injection also revealed reduction of the lesion extent (Fig. 1E). The BCVA was improved to 20 / 160 on her last visit at six months postoperatively and neither adverse reactions nor recurrence was apparent. Alteration in the corneal neovascular area was determined by sequential standardized digital slit-lamp pictures, which were analyzed morphometrically using image analysis software (Image J 1.40 g; Wayne Rasband at the Research Services Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). The procedure was approved by institutional review board of the Catholic University of Korea and the patient was provided with thorough explanation and filled out an informed consent form.

Corneal NV is a potential sequela of numerous conditions such as infection, injury, inflammation, limbal stem cell deficiency, and contact lens use, which eventually alters visual acuity by inducing stromal edema, cellular infiltration, lipid deposition, hemorrhage, and scarring [2,10]. Conventional therapeutic modalities for corneal NV include corticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, laser photocoagulation, and ocular surface reconstruction. However, these treatments demonstrated limited effects with considerable complications, leading to questions regarding whether the treatment should be continued [11,12,13,14,15]. The development of VEGF-inhibitors, a humanized monoclonal antibody which binds to isoforms of VEGF-A [16], introduced a new prospect in treating a variety of ophthalmic conditions, including ocular surface diseases with NV. Clinically, ranibizumab and bevacizumab are currently used for the treatment of corneal NV.

Stevenson et al. [8] compared the treatment efficacy of topical bevacizumab and ranibizumab by evaluating the neovascular area, vessel caliber, and invasion area of corneal NV. Considering the fact that bevacizumab is a large full-length immunoglobulin with a molecular weight of 149 kD and ranibizumab has a molecular weight of 48 kD, this may allow ranibizumab to penetrate the ocular surface more effectively and establish a therapeutic concentration earlier in the course of treatment. The authors concluded that topical ranibizumab was efficacious earlier in the course of treatment than topical bevacizumab, as measured by neovascular area and vessel caliber.

There were several studies demonstrating that subconjunctival administration of a VEGF inhibitor was more effective than topical instillation. This is supported by subconjunctival injections generating higher intraocular concentrations compared to topical administration and contributing to the slower release of pharmacologic agents. Therefore, following subconjunctival injection, VEGF inhibitors have proven to spread into the corneal stroma and to remain there for several days [17,18,19]. This may explain why NV was more efficiently slowed after subconjunctival injections rather than after topical administration. Furthermore, there are major limitations for topical application such as low penetrance through intact epithelium, difficulty of formulation, and low stability in solution with consequent susceptibility to loss of bioactivity during long-term storage [20].

In our case, the patient had already received two subconjunctival and intrastromal bevacizumab injections due to corneal NV caused by herpetic keratoconjunctivitis, but the treatment turned out to be ineffective due to the extent of the lesion and lack of regression. The patient was initially treated with antiviral ointment and antimicrobial eye drops for six months, but the neovascular area remained stationary. Because the treatment could have restored the barrier function of the corneal epithelium, we performed two ranibizumab injections, which is smaller in molecular weight, both subconjunctivally and intrastromally. Six months postoperatively, there was significant decrease in neovascular area, leaving no noteworthy adverse effects.

However, to date, the direct comparison of currently applied VEGF inhibitors remains under debate. In order to justify the increased cost of ranibizumab, it will be necessary to demonstrate meaningful treatment superiority in a randomized comparison trial to draw authoritative conclusions. Additionally, long term follow-up is required to observe post-injection complications and the possibility of NV recurrence.

To the best of our knowledge, there have not been any identical reports domestically. Therefore, the authors present a case report demonstrating that subconjunctival and intrastromal ranibizumab injections may be effective therapeutic options in corneal NV associated with herpetic keratoconjunctivitis, especially for patients with refractory outcomes following bevacizumab injections.