Study participants were recruited in a consecutive manner from our glaucoma clinic at the Asan Medical Center, between December 2008 and January 2009. All participants gave informed consent before enrollment. All procedures conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki, and the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Asan Medical Center.

All subjects underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination; visual acuity testing; the Humphrey field analyzer Swedish interactive threshold algorithm 24-2 test (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, CA, USA); multiple intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements using Goldmann applanation tonometry; stereoscopic optic nerve photography; and Spectralis OCT, including medical, ocular, and family history. Glaucomatous eyes were defined as those with a glaucomatous visual field (VF) defect confirmed by two reliable VF examinations and by the appearance of a glaucomatous optic disc, irrespective of the level of IOP. A glaucomatous optic disc was defined by increased cupping (vertical cup-disc ratio > 0.6), a difference in vertical cup-disc ratio > 0.2 between eyes, diffuse or focal neural rim thinning, hemorrhage, and RNFL defects. Glaucoma-suspect eyes were defined as those with glaucomatous optic disc test results, but showing normal VF test data. Healthy eyes were defined as those with healthy optic discs and normal VF test results. Glaucomatous VF defects were defined when eyes met at least two of the following criteria: 1) a cluster of three points with a probability of less than 5% on the pattern deviation map in at least one hemifield and including at least one point with a probability of less than 1%, or a cluster of two points with a probability less than 1%; 2) a glaucoma hemifield test result outside 99% of the age-specific normal limits; and 3) a pattern standard deviation outside 95% of the normal limit.

Among subjects qualified by other inclusion criteria, patients with discernable PPA, regardless of PPA size on stereoscopic optic disc photography, were analyzed. PPA was differentiated into PPA of the peripheral α-zone, with irregular pigmentation, and PPA of the central β-zone, with visible sclera and large choroidal vessels. The presence and extent of a β-zone on an optic disc photograph was independently assessed by three glaucoma experts (MSK, KRS, and JHN), and those cases agreed upon by all three experts were included in the analyses.

The raster scan mode of the Spectralis OCT, which covers an area of 6 mm × 6 mm, was used to acquire optic disc images. The Spectralis OCT obtains two images, using simultaneous dual laser scanning which include an infrared image in the scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) mode and an OCT scan. SLO images were used as a reference for OCT scans. An online tracking system was used to correct for eye movements. A three-dimensional volumetric dataset composed of 25 line scans was obtained for each subject. All images obtained by the Spectralis OCT were reviewed and independently evaluated by two glaucoma experts (MSK and KRS). As the Spectralis OCT does not provide any scan quality score measurement, images of poor quality were subjectively excluded when over 10% of reflectance signals were absent in the line data. Pharmacologic dilation was performed if the pupil was small. All images were acquired by a single, well-trained operator (YL).

Optic disc scan images acquired by the Spectralis OCT show the detailed configuration of the retinal layer posterior boundary. With the Stratus OCT, the optic disc image acquired in the fast mode, featuring 128 A scans, shows the posterior boundary as a single thick hyper-reflective red-colored band, displayed in false color (Fig. 1A, black arrow). This posterior boundary has been interpreted as the complex of the RPE and the junction between the inner and outer segment (IS/OS) of the photoreceptor layer. In Fig. 1A, a white arrow indicates peripapillary RNFL.

The Spectralis OCT images, however, show posterior retinal boundaries composed of at least two layers, including one thinner and one thicker layer (Fig. 1B). In Fig. 1B, the red arrow indicates peripapillary RNFL, and the inner thinner layer has been defined as the junction between the IS/OS of the photoreceptor layer (yellow arrow), whereas the outer thicker layer has been considered to represent the Bruch's membrane/RPE border (blue arrow) [17]. Due to these difficulties in interpretation, each of two glaucoma specialists (MSK and KRS) independently evaluated the detailed features of the posterior boundaries and RNFLs in PPA β-zones of eyes with healthy, glaucoma-suspect, and glaucomatous optic discs imaged by the Spectralis OCT. The evaluation of the PPA β-zones was performed along the multiple straight horizontal lines on the temporal sides of optic disc. We selected one representative scan line from each eye with PPA. The presence or absence of various layers (RNFL, IS/OS complex, and Bruch's membrane/retinal pigment epithelium complex layer [BRL]) was noted. A final description of the retinal layers present was obtained by consensus.

Nineteen eyes of 10 healthy, glaucoma, and glaucoma-suspect subjects, all with PPA, were consecutively imaged. Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants are described in Table 1. RNFLs were observed in the β-zones of all PPA eyes. IS/OS complexes were absent from the PPA β-zone areas of all eyes. BRLs could not be seen in the PPA β-zones of two eyes. BRLs were atrophic and showed posterior bowing in the PPA β-zones of five eyes. Table 2 summarizes the SD-OCT findings for each PPA eye. Representative cases are presented below as examples.

When using Stratus OCT to examine optic discs, we sometimes find that disc margin detection is inappropriate and this (if uncorrected) may lead to unreliable optic disc parameter measurements. This may be one reason why OCT optic disc analysis has been less frequently used in both research and clinical settings, as compared to RNFL analysis. Inappropriate automatic disc margin determination by Stratus OCT may be explained in two ways. First, although Stratus OCT employs an RPE/choriocapillary edge detection algorithm to determine the optic disc margin, we have demonstrated that the RPE/choriocapillary edge may not be an accurate disc margin marker in optic discs with PPA [8-10]. Second, the poor scan quality around the disc margin afforded by OCT may contribute to errors in optic disc margin detection.

In the vicinity of the optic disc, ocular structure is very complex. This may result in difficulties in image delineation. The fast optic disc mode of the Stratus OCT instrument makes only 128 A scans in each optic disc pass, leading to poor image resolution. It is difficult to discern complex structures around the optic disc. Poor image quality means that RPE edge detection is unreliable. Thus, we aimed to image the complex structures of the peripapillary retinal layer, including the β-zone of PPA, using high-resolution SD-OCT.

The higher-quality images of SD-OCT showed that the β-zone of the PPA features were not uniform in healthy and glaucomatous optic discs, or in discs of glaucoma-suspect eyes. The presence or absence of particular structures varied among PPA eyes. A common finding was that the IS/OS junction was not observed in the β-zones of PPA eyes, usually indicating that photoreceptors are absent from the β-zone of the PPA areas. The other important finding was that detectible RNFLs were observed in the β-zone of most PPA areas. Thus, RNFLs were retained despite glaucoma-induced RNFL thickness reductions in the β-zone of the PPA areas.

We found that 12 of 19 eyes showed intact BRL complexes within the β-zone of the PPA areas. However, as exemplified in case 2 above, some eyes showed posterior bowing of the Bruch's membrane/RPE complex rather than a relatively linear arrangement. In such cases, the current automatic disc margin detection algorithm of the Stratus OCT may fail to demarcate disc margins with precision. As shown in case 2, automatic disc margin detection by the Stratus OCT did not include the posteriorly bowed terminus of the BRL, resulting in delineation of an erroneously large disc margin.

In 7 of 19 eyes, the BRL was atrophic or absent within the PPA β-zone. As illustrated in case 3, the BRL appeared to be thinner and incomplete around the optic disc margin, and showed posterior bowing. This finding is in line with the original definition of the PPA β-zone, which is an area devoid of, or atrophic for, RPE and choriocapillaries [11]. This emphasizes that the BRL cannot serve as a useful disc marginal marker in PPA eyes. In these situations, the Stratus OCT is prone to error when determining the optic disc margin.

A limitation of our study is that we did not quantitatively define the β-zone of PPA areas, nor did we match such areas with OCT images. However, our primary goal was to show how the PPA β-zone is presented on high-quality OCT images. Such data have never been previously reported. Furthermore, we demonstrate that retinal layer features are not uniform in the β-zone of PPA areas.

In conclusion, the β-zones of PPA showed fine-structure variability when evaluated by SD-OCT imaging. If both PPA and the disc margin are important concepts in glaucoma diagnosis, then determination of the optic disc margin needs to be customized, based on PPA characteristics. Application of automated disc margin detection software without consideration of specific PPA architecture may be scientifically invalid.