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INTRODUCTION
Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are nonionic hydrophilic polymers of ethylene oxide that have been widely used to produce cosmetics and medications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. PEG products are of liquid or low-melting solid depending on their molecular weights. In general, PEGs are believed to be chemically inert, but larger PEG polymers could have immunogenic properties because they are potentially large enough to illicit an immune response without haptenization (1).
CASE DESCRIPTION
A 39-year-old man was referred to the Emergency Department for loss of consciousness and shortness of breath which had developed one and a half hours after intake of an evacuant solution (PEG-3350, Colyte®, Taejoon pharma Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) during preparation of colonoscopy in 2013. He was diagnosed with mild atopic dermatitis, but he did not have any other allergic diseases to any drug or food. Ten years ago, he had colonoscopy safely with Colyte®. One month ago, he was admitted for diverticulitis and received cefixime (suprax®, Dong-A ST Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) for discharge medication.
When he arrived at the Emergency Department, his blood pressure was 80/66 mmHg, and he had severe respiratory distress with wheezing sounds in whole lung fields. Intramuscular administration of epinephrine (epinephrine injection solution, Daihan Pharm Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) 0.3 mg rapidly restored blood pressure and alleviated respiratory symptoms. Fortunately, his clinical conditions fully improved without sequelae. In laboratory test, serum total IgE level was not increased (69 KU/L) and skin prick test revealed strong positive only to house dust mites. However, the initial serum tryptase level was significantly increased to 91.9 mg/L (0.00-11.40 mg/L).
We performed skin prick and intradermal tests with different concentrations of Colyte® solutions, histamine as a positive control, and normal saline as a negative control 2 months after the event in 2013. As shown in Fig. 1, all skin prick test results were negative, but the intradermal test with 10 mg/mL Colyte® showed a 5 × 5 mm sized wheal. Next, basophil activation and histamine releasability tests were conducted to evaluate the non-IgE mediated mechanism of Colyte®; however, both tests gave negative results. Finally, oral provocation tests with cefixime were performed to evaluate drug allergy, but the result was also negative.
DISCUSSION
PEGs or macrogols are hydrophilic polyethers commonly used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and household products. Various molecular weights of PEG have been used extensively for numerous applications such as injection solutions, pills, aqueous solutions, skin disinfectants, and toothpastes (1). PEG with a molecular mass of 3,350 g/mol is widely used as an osmotic laxative due to its lack of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and chemically inertness in healthy people. Although there are a few reports of PEG induced anaphylaxis, the incidence is extremely rare (2).
Precise mechanisms of PEG-induced anaphylaxis have not yet been fully elucidated. We performed skin prick, intradermal, basophil activation, and histamine releasability tests with PEG, but there was only a weakly positive reaction in intradermal tests. In a previous report, Wenande et al. (3) reported the possibility of IgE medicated mechanism in PEG allergy after passive sensitization of IgE stripped donor basophil with patient serum without detection of PEG specific IgE, and other report showed that complement activation may play a key role in hypersensitivity reactions to pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (4).
However, there is a possibility that loss of mucosal integrity can promote systemic absorption of PEG to facilitate the immunologic reaction (5). A reported case with a history of ulcerative colitis presented with anaphylaxis after administration of PEG (6); other cases were referred for colonoscopy for rectal bleeding, and preparation with PEG solution resulted in angioedema and anaphylaxis (78). We reported the case of anaphylaxis to Colyte® in a patient with diverticulitis. Damage to gastrointestinal mucous membrane integrity may be a predisposing factor for anaphylaxis to Colyte®; therefore, caution should be exercised in its use in patients who have gastrointestinal disintegrity such as diverticulitis.
Although anaphylaxis to Colyte® is extremely rare, it should be considered in its use for patients who have damaged gastrointestinal mucous membrane integrity.
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