Abstract
Figures and Tables
Fig. 1
Flow diagram of the literature search and study selection process. The values in parentheses indicate the number of documents corresponding to each category.
![jkms-30-1828-g001](/upload/SynapseData/ArticleImage/0063jkms/jkms-30-1828-g001.jpg)
Fig. 2
Meta-analysis for the relationship between the timing of caffeine therapy initiation (early vs. late) and the primary outcomes. (A) Death. (B) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). (C) BPD or death.
![jkms-30-1828-g002](/upload/SynapseData/ArticleImage/0063jkms/jkms-30-1828-g002.jpg)
Fig. 3
Meta-analysis for the relationship between the timing of caffeine therapy initiation (early vs. late) and the secondary outcomes. (A) Intraventricular hemorrhage. (B) Periventricular leukomalacia. (C) Retinopathy of prematurity. (D) Patent ductus arteriosus. (E) Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). (F) NEC requiring surgical treatment. (G) Duration of mechanical ventilation.
![jkms-30-1828-g003](/upload/SynapseData/ArticleImage/0063jkms/jkms-30-1828-g003.jpg)
Table 1
Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis
![jkms-30-1828-i001](/upload/SynapseData/ArticleImage/0063jkms/jkms-30-1828-i001.jpg)
Authors/year | Study design | Location; study period | Population | Gestational age at birth (median or mean, week) | Birth weight at birth (median or mean, g) | Duration of caffeine therapy (day) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patel et al., 2013 (17) | Retrospective cohort | USA; Jan. 2008-June 2010 |
Birth weight ≤ 1,250 g total: 104 (EC: 83, LC: 57) |
Median, EC: 40, LC: 39.5 |
Median, EC: 940, LC:910 | Median, EC: 40, LC: 39.5 |
Taha et al., 2014 (16) | Retrospective cohort | USA; June 2006-May 2011 | Birth weight ≤ 1,250 g treated with caffeine within 10 days of life total: 2,951 (EC: 1,986, LC: 965) | Mean, EC: 27.5, LC 27.2 | Mean, EC: 938, LC: 899 | Median, EC: 50, LC: 49 |
Dobson et al., 2014 (15) | Retrospective cohort | USA; 1997-2010 | Birth weight < 1,500 g total: 54,707 (EC: 30,891, LC: 23,816) | Median, EC: 28.2, LC: 27.7 | Median, EC: 1,076, LC:1,009 |
Median, EC: 36, LC: 30 Mean, EC: 37, LC: 33 |
Abbasi et al., 2010 (20) | Retrospective cohort, (abstract) | USA, multicenter gene targets IVH study; NA | Birth weight 500-1,250 g 166 case/control pairs | NA | NA | NA |
Davis et al., 2010 (14) | Randomized controlled trial | Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity (CAP) Trial Group (Canada, US, Australia, Europe and Israel; Oct. 11, 1999-Oct. 22, 2004) | Birth weight of 500 to 1,250 g treated with caffeine within 10 days of life post hoc analysis with CAP trial total: 867-1,006 (EC:348-413, LC:519-593, variable among reported outcomes) | NA | NA | NA |
Table 2
Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the risk of bias and the quality assessment of the included studies
![jkms-30-1828-i002](/upload/SynapseData/ArticleImage/0063jkms/jkms-30-1828-i002.jpg)
Authors | Year | Selection | Comparability | Outcome | Total score | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Representativeness of the exposed cohort | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Ascertainment of exposure | Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study | Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis | Assessment of outcome | Length of follow-up | Adequacy of follow-up of cohorts | |||
Patel et al. (17) | 2013 | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 8 | |
Taha et al. (16) | 2014 | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 8 | |
Dobson et al. (15) | 2014 | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 8 | |
Abbasi et al. (20) | 2010 | NA | * | NA | NA | NA | * | * | * | 4 |