PDF
ePub
Citation
Print
INTRODUCTION
Although the use of drug-eluting stent (DES) has improved the outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), procedures for treatment of bifurcation lesions remain challenging because of their technical complexity and unpredictable complications (1, 2). In particular, no optimal procedure for side branch (SB) treatment, using either balloon angioplasty or stenting, nor the timing thereof, has been determined. This issue is more clinically relevant when the bifurcation lesion is treated with a single-stent technique, in which stenting is performed for the main branch (MB) alone, leaving the SB untouched. For example, the benefits of kissing balloon angioplasty, which is frequently applied in the single-stent technique, have not been completely evaluated (10, 11). Indeed, the long-term outcomes of SB stenosis are unclear because the natural course of SB after MB stenting has not been determined. Although studies using DES or bare-metal stent (BMS) have suggested spontaneous improvement of SB flow, the reports on the initial and follow-up angiographic outcomes of SB stenosis after DES implantation are still limited (12-14). Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the frequency and outcomes of SB stenosis after implantation of three DESs, randomly evaluated in the Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Zotarolimus-Eluting Stent with Sirolimus-Eluting and PacliTaxel-Eluting Stent for Coronary Lesions (ZEST) trial (15).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study populations
This study was a bifurcation substudy, which had been prespecified in the protocol of the ZEST trial. The ZEST trial was a prospective, randomized, single-blind, multicenter study comparing the safety and effectiveness of zotarolimus-eluting stents (ZES, Endeavor; Medtronic Vascular, Minneapolis, MN, USA), sirolimus-eluting stents (SES, Cypher select; Cordis, Johnson & Johnson, Bridgewater, NJ, USA), and paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES, Taxus Liberte; Boston Scientific, Natick, MA, USA) in patients randomized 1:1:1 (15). The study enrolled 'all comers' undergoing PCI except those with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction necessitating primary PCI, severe left ventricular dysfunction with ejection fraction < 35%, cardiogenic shock, left main stenosis, in-stent restenosis of DES, or inability to receive antiplatelet treatment. This bifurcation substudy retrospectively included patients enrolled in the ZEST trial who had bifurcation coronary lesions with SB ≥ 1.5 mm in diameter within the stented segment of the MB.
Procedures and follow-up
All procedures were performed using standard techniques for PCI. As our protocol did not specify the methods to be used to treat bifurcation lesions, the choice of predilation, kissing balloon inflation, or stenting in SB was at the discretion of each physician. All lesions in MB and SB were recommended to be treated with the assigned DES type. Antithrombotic therapy consisted of standard dual antiplatelet therapy with 100 mg/day aspirin and 75 mg/day clopidogrel for at least 12 months after stenting.
Patients were followed-up at 30 days and 4, 9, and 12 months. All patients were asked to receive angiographic follow-up 8 to 10 months after the procedure, or earlier if anginal symptoms occurred. Patient demographic, clinical, angiographic, procedural, and outcome characteristics were collected using dedicated electronic case report forms. All events, including death, myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization, were centrally adjudicated by an independent clinical event committee based on the source documents collected at each hospital.
Angiographic analysis
Baseline, post-procedure, and follow-up angiograms were analyzed using an automated edge-detection analysis system (CAAS-5, Pie Medical Imaging, Maastricht, the Netherlands) in an angiographic core laboratory of the CardioVascular Research Foundation (16, 17). Quantitative angiographic analysis of the MB was performed within the stented segment (in-stent) and over the entire segment, including the stent and margins 5 mm proximal and distal thereto (in-segment) (16). Measured variables included the reference diameter, minimal lumen diameter, percentage diameter stenosis, and late luminal loss. The reference diameter was determined by interpolation. Binary restenosis was defined as ≥ 50% percent stenosis on follow-up angiography. In SB analysis, all angiographic measurements were made by visual estimation. The degree of diameter stenosis was classified as < 50%, 50%-70%, 70%-99%, and 100%, and vessel size was classified as < 1.5 mm, 1.5-2.0 mm, 2.0-2.5 mm, 2.5-3.0 mm, and ≥ 3.0 mm. Visually estimated bifurcation classifications were made according to the MEDINA classification (18). SB compromise after a procedure (periprocedural) and at follow-up (delayed) was defined as ≥ 50% diameter stenosis at the ostial SB. Spontaneous recanalization was defined as the SB which had post-procedural flow of TIMI grade 0 but ≥ TIMI grade 1 at follow-up.
Study endpoints and definition
The primary endpoint of this study was SB diameter stenosis at follow-up angiography. All other angiographic parameters were considered to be secondary endpoints. Deaths were considered to be of cardiac origin unless a noncardiac cause could be identified. Myocardial infarction was diagnosed based on the presence of new Q waves in at least two contiguous leads on an electrocardiogram or an elevation of creatine kinase or its MB isoenzyme to at least three times the upper limit of the normal range in at least two blood samples. Target lesion revascularization was defined as any revascularization with either PCI or bypass surgery in the targeted segments and the adjacent 5 mm. Stent thrombosis was defined as definite or probable according to the Academic Research Consortium definition (19).
Statistical analysis
Data for continuous and categorical variables are presented as means ± standard deviations and numbers (with percentages), respectively. Differences among treatment groups were evaluated by one-way ANOVA for continuous variables and by the chi-square or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, with the Bonferroni correction used for post-hoc comparisons. The variables were further compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test when they were not normally distributed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. All analyses were based on the intention-to-treat principle.
Angiographic outcomes in SBs were estimated in the two cohorts, consisting of all SBs with or without treatment and naive SBs without any treatment during the principal procedure. In the naive SB group, independent predictors of worsening of SB stenosis were estimated using a multivariable logistic generalized estimated equation model with robust standard errors that accounted for the clustering between lesions in the same subject. The model for the outcome variable was reduced by using backward elimination until the model contained only factors with P values < 0.1. Because of the limited number of events, the model used 15 covariates: age; gender; symptom presentation; diabetes mellitus; chronic renal failure; hypercholesterolemia; MB stent length; MB stenosis at baseline, post-procedure and follow-up; MB in-stent late loss; SB size group; and SB stenosis group at baseline and post-procedure. All P values were two-sided, and P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. SAS software, version 9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) was used for statistical analysis.
RESULTS
Clinical characteristics
Of the 2,645 patients with 3,613 lesions enrolled in the ZEST trial, 788 (29.8%) patients having 923 (25.5%) bifurcation lesions with SB ≥ 1.5 mm in diameter were included in this substudy. Table 1 shows the baseline clinical characteristics of the ZES, SES, and PES patients. All variables were well matched except for the slightly lower incidence of previous PCI or myocardial infarction in the ZES group. Baseline characteristics of 3 DES groups were also well matched in patients with angiography follow-up except in the ZES group in the same manner.
Lesion characteristics and procedures
Lesion and procedural characteristics are shown in Table 2. In all three treatment groups, the left anterior descending artery of the MB and the diagonal branch of the SB were most frequently involved. The prevalence of total occlusion was slightly lower in the ZES group, and the numbers and lengths of stents used in the MB were comparable in the three groups. However, the maximal device diameter was slightly smaller in the ZES group. SB treatment was performed on 150 (16.3%) lesions, with a similar distribution across the three groups, whereas 35 (3.8%) lesions underwent stenting in both branches. Stents were used as the assigned randomization in all patients. Peri-procedural MI, defined as procedure-related increase of creatine kinase or its MB isoenzyme to at least three times the upper limit of the normal range, occurred in 24 (7.9%), 33 (10.2%) and 24 (8.2%) lesions after ZES, SES, and PES implantations, respectively (P = 0.53).
Angiographic analysis of the main branch
Table 3 shows the results of quantitative angiographic analysis of the MB. Follow-up angiography was obtained for 635 (68.8%) lesions, including 221 ZES (72.5%), 204 SES (63.0%), and 210 (71.4%) PES (P = 0.018) treated lesions. At baseline and immediately post-procedure, all angiographic parameters were almost identical among the three groups. However, at follow-up angiography, because of the lower late loss in the SES group, that group had a significantly higher minimal lumen diameter and a significantly smaller diameter stenosis than did the ZES or PES groups. When the differences were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test, the statistical differences were not changed in any variable. As a result, the restenosis rate was significantly lower in the SES than in the ZES or PES groups. Angiographic outcomes at follow-up were, however, similar between the ZES and PES groups.
Angiographic analysis of all side branches
Table 4 shows angiographic analysis data of all SBs. True bifurcation lesions involving both branches, defined as MEDINA classes 1.1.1., 1.0.1., and 0.1.1., were observed in 27.9% of the ZES, 29.0% of the SES, and 31.0% of the PES (P = 0.70) lesions. SB vessel size was averaged between 2.0 and 2.5 mm. After the procedure, periprocedural SB compromise, defined as ≥ 50% diameter stenosis, occurred in 21.0% of the ZES, 22.8% of the SES, and 23.8% of the PES (P = 0.70) lesions. At follow-up angiography, the mean value of diameter stenosis was lower in the SES than in the ZES and PES groups. Therefore, the prevalence of delayed SB compromise at follow-up was numerically lower in the SES (17.2%) than in the ZES (24.0%) and PES (24.3%) lesions, but the difference did not attain statistical significance (P = 0.14). However, when the diameter stenosis was compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test, the statistical significance was not significant at baseline (P = 0.61), post-procedure (P = 0.72) and follow-up (P = 0.29).
Angiographic analysis of side branches without treatment
When we analyzed naive, untreated SBs, we observed true bifurcation lesions in 21.7% of the ZES, 24.6% of the SES, and 27.5% of the PES (P = 0.32) lesions (Table 5). After the procedure, periprocedural SB compromise from non-diseased SBs occurred in 15.8% of the ZES, 17.2% of the SES, and 16.6% of the PES (P = 0.92) lesions (Fig. 1). However, delayed SB compromise at follow-up angiography was found in 13.9% of the ZES, 3.2% of the SES, and 9.4% of the PES (P = 0.010) lesions (Fig. 2). Although SB diameter stenosis at follow-up was numerically lower in the SES than in the ZES and PES groups, this did not attain statistical significance by parametric and non-parametric analyses. The incidence of SB total occlusion was 2.1% (16 lesions). Of the 10 occluded SBs having follow-up angiography, 6 showed spontaneous recanalization.
When the degree of SB diameter stenosis was classified into four groups (< 50%, 50%-70%, 70%-99%, and 100%), worsening of SB stenosis occurred in 48 (9.0%) of lesions comprising 21 (11.6 %), 8 (4.7%), and 19 (10.4%) lesions of the ZES, SES and PES lesions (P = 0.059), respectively (Fig. 3), whereas improvement and stationary of SB stenosis were observed in 51 (9.6%) and 434 (81.4%) of lesions, respectively. In a multivariable logistic regression model, in-stent MB stenosis at follow-up (%) was the only independent predictor of worsening of SB stenosis (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.04; P = 0.0003).
Clinical outcomes
Peri-procedural MI, defined as procedure-related increase of creatine kinase or its MB isoenzyme to at least three times the upper limit of the normal range, occurred in 24 (7.9%), 33 (10.2 %), and 24 (8.2%) lesions after ZES, SES, and PES implantations, respectively (P = 0.53).
One-year clinical follow-up was completed for 97.2% of lesions, and the clinical outcomes are shown in Table 6. There were no differences among the three groups in the incidence of death or myocardial infarction. However, the incidence of target lesion revascularization for MB, SB, and stent thrombosis, were higher in the PES than in the SES lesions. All target lesion revascularizations for SB restenoses were treated percutaneously. One patient in the PES group received bypass graft surgery for MB restenosis. In naive SBs without treatment, target lesion revascularization was performed in 2 (0.7%) of the ZES, none of the SES, and 8 (2.8%) of the PES lesions (P = 0.002).
DISCUSSION
This was a substudy of the ZEST trial, a large randomized study comparing use of the three types of DESs for elective PCI in real practice. The major finding of this study was that a minority of patients experienced a worsening of SB stenosis at follow-up angiography after single-stent implantation with DES for treatment of bifurcation lesions. In addition, because follow-up SB stenosis was mainly influenced by the severity of MB stenosis, DESs effectiveness to maintain small stenosis in MB at follow-up may help maintain the luminal patency of untreated SBs.
The ZEST trial was a study of 'all-comers' undergoing elective PCI with DES in real practice. Therefore, our subgroup analysis has the advantage of allowing us to assess outcomes patterns following current bifurcation treatments. In addition, we could compare the outcomes using the three current types of DESs to treat specific bifurcation lesion sets, with minimal selection bias. Of all lesions treated with DESs, approximately one-fourth had SBs > 1.5 mm in diameter, requiring protection during PCI (10). Of these SBs, approximately 20%, or 5% of all lesions, had significant SB stenosis within true bifurcation segments. As a diseased SB is the most important predictor of SB compromise during MB stenting (8), special attention must be given to PCI lesions at risk for complications related to SB compromise. Because of the small proportion of true bifurcations, about one-fifth of bifurcations underwent SB treatment, with less than 5% of all lesions receiving stenting in both branches. Our conservative treatment pattern was indicated by previous results, showing a comparable effectiveness of single- and two-stent techniques for treatment of bifurcation lesions (4, 6, 9).
The major purposes of this study were to assess the incidence of periprocedural SB compromise and the long-term angiographic outcomes. Few previous studies have described the long-term outcomes of untreated SBs after DES implantation in the MB (13). Furthermore, the insight on the 'clinically significant SB stenosis' has not been consistent across operators. The degree of SB compromise necessitating provisional SB stenting ranged from 50% to 100% in the diverse clinical trials (3, 5, 9). We found that significant periprocedural SB compromise after MB stenting occurred in 16.5% of non-diseased SBs. Although the three DESs had different stent platforms, the incidence of periprocedural SB compromise were comparably low in all groups, indicating that the three current DES platforms are comparable in maintaining SB patency during the procedure. Consequently, kissing balloon inflation with or without SB stenting was selectively performed in about 10% of patients.
The long-term differential effectiveness of the three DESs in maintaining SB patency was measured by analysis of follow-up SB stenosis. Overall, delayed SB compromise at follow-up was observed in only 9.3% of lesions, all of which had been free of stenosis just after the main procedure, in good agreement with the findings of a previous trial (the RAVEL trial), which compared follow-up angiographic outcomes of 118 SBs after SES and 124 SBs after BMS implantation (13). Of the 12 and 9 occluded SBs, respectively, 11 (92%) and 6 (67%) spontaneously recanalized. Other studies using BMS also supported the phenomenon of natural recanalization of occluded SBs after stent implantation (12, 14, 20). In our present study, spontaneous recanalization occurred in 6 of the 10 occluded SBs. Therefore, our findings, together with previous results, suggest that routine treatment of compromised SBs (i.e., the 'oculo-stenotic reflex') during or after the procedure should be avoided, especially in lesions receiving single-stent treatment for bifurcations. Recent results from the Nordic Bifurcation III trial also suggested that routine kissing-balloon inflation of bifurcation lesions may not provide superior clinical benefit compared with provisional SB treatment (11).
In previous studies, the predictors of delayed SB stenosis or occlusion were the preprocedural morphology or stenosis of SB (12, 13). In our multivariate analysis, however, the small MB stenosis at follow-up treated with SES compared to ZES or PES might translate to improved SB stenosis at follow-up, where angiography showed that only 3% of lesions were delayed SB compromise after SES implantation, compared with 14% for ZES and 9% for PES. This finding indicates that DES with higher anti-restenotic potencies may be effective even for preservation of untreated SB patency after single-stent bifurcation treatment. Furthermore, the relative benefit of SES in reducing MB restenosis, compared with ZES or PES, was similarly observed as the major outcome of the ZEST trial (15). Nevertheless, all three DESs were associated with an improvement of stenosis in 10% of SBs and a recanalization of 60% of occluded SBs, indicating that clinical outcomes in SB stenosis are relatively benign. Only 1.2% of SB compromises underwent target lesion revascularization when MB revascularizations were performed.
Our study had several limitations. First, this was a post-hoc analysis of a large clinical trial. Therefore, although the subgroup analyzed was extracted from a large randomized study, selection bias, resulting in a lack of statistical power, could not be completely avoided. In fact, although the delayed SB compromise occurred less frequently after SES implantation for naive lesions without treatment, the numerical degree of stenosis at follow-up was not statistically significant across the different DESs. Second, due to the limitation of current angiographic analysis system, quantitative angiographic analysis was not performed for SB (21). Therefore, because of visual estimation of SB stenosis, inter- or intra-observer variations might have occurred (21). A new dedicated quantitative analysis system for bifurcation lesions may improve the accuracy of measurement. Third, because of the limited number of true bifurcation lesions, our results may not be extrapolated to treatment for complex bifurcation lesions. Fourth, a follow-up bias may occur due to the incomplete performance of angiographic follow-up. Finally, a lack of data on functional ischemia limits our understanding of the clinical implications of these angiographic results. As previously reported, the correspondence rate between angiographic stenosis and flow impairment detected by fractional flow reserve is low (7). Thus, future studies on bifurcation coronary lesions are required. We found that the long-term incidence of aggravation of SB stenosis was low and may be associated with the degree of intimal hyperplasia in the MB after DES implantation. Therefore, aggressive SB treatment of bifurcation lesions may not be necessary in real-world practice. Our results indicate the need for additional clinical studies to determine an effective SB treatment, in view of the technical complexity, clinical prognosis, and costs of procedures addressing bifurcation coronary lesions.
In conclusion, after main-branch stenting in bifurcation lesions, a minority of SB appeared to experience worsening of stenosis. DES with strong anti-restenotic efficacy may help maintain SB patency.
XML Download