Since Kaznelson suggested the possibility of splenectomy as a treatment for immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) has been an important treatment for ITP with the introduction of laparoscopic techniques for splenectomy (1, 2).

In ITP, it has been known that the spleen plays a central role in the pathophysiologic process. The spleen is not only the place to produce auto-antibodies for self platelets, but also the site where the platelet-antibody complexes are destroyed. The medical therapy based on steroids is the first choice of treatment, and surgical intervention, splenectomy, is reserved for the cases of refractoriness for medical treatment, dependence on steroids, and complications from medical treatment.

ITP accounts for more than 60% of the total indication for LS (3-6), and the response rate for LS has been reported from 50% to 80% (1, 7, 8). However, in general, follow-up periods after LS has not been long enough and operative complications were limited to perioperative complications and overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI), which give just limited information about long-term outcomes after LS for ITP (1-4, 7, 8).

We have already reported early experiences of LS in patients with ITP (8) and the long-term results, of which the number of total patients was 40 and the mean follow-up duration was 29 months (2). With further experiences of LS in ITP, we investigated long-term outcomes of LS, newly developed morbidities, and predictive factors for favorable outcomes comparing the data to previous studies (2, 8).

We reviewed the available medical records of 88 patients with ITP who underwent LS from August 1994 to December 2004 in Yonsei Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. Among them, available medical records of 59 patients whose follow-up period was more than 1 yr were investigated. We described the results of LS into the categories of early results and late results (2, 8), and we followed up patients based on out-patients' medical records and standardized personal questionnaires conducted by personal telephone when medical records were not available.

Previous reports on long-term results of LS in ITP had somewhat limited follow-up periods, making it difficult to exactly define the long-term outcome of LS for ITP (2, 3, 7, 8). According to our data, the early result of LS reveals that 54.2% of patients belonged to the satisfactory group, and the late follow-up results showed that CR was 47.5%, PR was 40.7%, and NR was 11.9%. These results of CR were dependent upon the criteria of patients' platelet count (more than 150,000/µL), clinical symptoms, and the status of medical treatment. However, from the clinical point of view, many heterogeneous patients compose the PR group according to these criteria. In other words, some patients with their platelet counts between 100,000/µL and 150,000/µL without medical treatment and no bleeding symptoms belonged to the PR group where most patients with their platelet counts more than 50,000/µL with medical treatment and bleeding symptoms. Considering these weak points of the criteria used in this study, the clinical results of LS in ITP can be re-estimated as follows: when we define 100,000/µL as the point for favorable outcome, 42 patients (72.4%) belonged to the satisfactory group and 16 (27.6%) to the unsatisfactory group; likewise, CR was 66.1% (39 patients), PR was 22% (13 patients), and NR was 11.9% (7).

Other researchers suggested that age, response to preoperative medical treatment, the period from the diagnosis of ITP to splenectomy, and the degree of platelet response after splenectomy are known as predictive factors for favorable outcomes of splenectomy in ITP. Our previous study (2) on this issue revealed that the rapid response group had a predictive value in univariate analysis, whose platelet counts after LS increased more than twice within a week. This rapid response group also had a significant value for predicting favorable outcomes (CR) in this study. Therefore, a current follow-up study could confirm the meaning of the rapid response group for predicting favorable long-term results after LS in ITP.

In the current study, one of the indications of splenectomy in ITP, that is, relapsing cases ("medical relapsing") during the tapering does of medication, was another predictive value in univariate analysis (p=0.02, Table 1). Multiple regression analysis showed that medical relapsing can predict favorable outcomes after LS and its relative risk was about 4 times (Exp (B)=3.968, p-value=0.061, 95% CI: 0.939-16.758). Even though the p-value was not less than 0.05, we expect this value could be significant if enough patients' data were collected. Long-term medical treatment can make the patients exhausted and reduce the quality of life. Taking the fact that the patients' population was mostly female and also the side-effects of long-term medical treatment into consideration, this result suggests that patients with relapses after medical treatment need to be referred to the Department of Surgery for LS without further medical treatment. Recent observation performed by Kwon et al. (9) supports this suggestion. Based on 30 LS on patients with ITP, they concluded that splenectomy for steroid nonresponders resulted in inferior response rates as compared with those who experienced relapse after steroid treatment (55.6% vs. 91.7%, p=0.042), and the time between diagnosis and surgery is another predictive factor for favorable outcomes (p=0.049).

Another predictive factor for favorable outcome is the early result of LS. The satisfactory group is the most potent and independent predictive factor in our study (Exp (B)=6.419, p=0.032, 95% CI: 1.171-35.190). In fact, 9 patients (15.2%) had relapsed with their platelet count less than 100,000/µL and took medications again, which is not very different from other reports (7, 10). Most patients with cases of relapse took steroids combined with various doses of danazole, vincristine, immuran, and cyclosporine. On the other hand, the rest (84.8% patients in the satisfactory group) could be categorized into CR without any relapsing or any additional medications. This result can address the notion that early satisfactory response after LS in ITP can be sustained for a prolonged time without relapsing, which means that LS is a very effective treatment modality in ITP.

Accessory spleen has been regarded as an important factor causing relapsing when not adequately removed in LS (11). However, current results showed only two relapsing patients revealed to have accessory spleen. After excising all accessory spleen, both patients belonged to PR. This result could not explain the accessory spleen itself and is only responsible for relapsing after splenectomy. Considering other articles showing that only 25-75% of patients had good results after the excise of accessory spleen (5, 12), our result suggests that other possible mechanisms might be related to the recurrence after LS, such as sequestration of platelets in marrow or liver, not to mention the accessory spleen itself (13).

With respect to newly developed health problems observed during follow-up periods, infectious diseases were most commonly discovered in 10 patients. The overall incidence of septicemia is low in adults, but death rates from OPSI have been reported to be up to 600 times greater than in the general population, with a lifetime risk for OPSI of 5% (14). Though almost all patients did not receive a preoperative vaccination in our study, fatal infectious disease was, fortunately, not found. However, pneumonia occurred in 5 patients, who were admitted to hospital to receive proper management. We consider that much efforts should be made for safe LS and the prevention of OPSI. So, we have recently started a preoperative vaccination against pneumococcus and H. influenza prior to splenectomy. In addition, we recommend that those patients who underwent LS get vaccinated for influenza annually based on the clinical experiences that the patients who underwent LS seem to often contract common colds. The common cold might play roles in triggering secondary pulmonary bacterial infection. We believe the education of patients over the status of patients' immunity is important. They should be informed of the necessity for follow-up especially when their infectious symptoms are not alleviated for a long time and become even more aggravating. These strategies are compatible with the 2001 guidelines for preventing OPSI (15). On the issue of prophylactic antibiotics to prevent OPSI, however, we do not have confidence in this policy since patients' compliance, the uncertain efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics, and the emergence of antibiotics resistance bacteria, should be considered.

An increased incidence of atherosclerotic events, such as cerebrovascular accident and heart disease, have been reported after splenectomy because abnormal erythrocytes may remain longer in the circulatory system, initiating platelet activation, as well as thrombocytosis after splenectomy (1). In our data, just one patient experienced pulmonary thromboembolism. This patient had SLE at the time of the diagnosis of ITP. However, this case was concluded to be related to antiphospholipid syndrome in SLE patients based on laboratory and patients' history as reported in other articles (16).

Avascular necrosis of the femur head and peripheral neuropathy are believed to be related to long-term use of medications prior to LS, such as steroid and vincristine. Hence we would like to recommend LS as early as possible in patients with ITP in order to reduce the complications related to longterm use of medication. Especially with the advancement of laparoscopic skill and experiences, we recently have been performing LS with a three-port method, and with a very low rate of complications. According to our data, the median operative time was 77.5 min (range, 60-115 min), and the median length of hospital stay has been 4 days after surgery (range, 2-11 days) since 2001.

In summary, we are sure that LS is a very effective and safe treatment for ITP based on our long-term follow-up results. The initial satisfactory group after LS is a potent independent predictive factor for favorable outcomes. Long-term follow-up is necessary because of not only relapsing but also newly developed health problems after LS such as infection and other clinically important issues.