Effects of Early-Life Stress on the Structural and Functional Development of Central Nervous System : A Review of the Studies Focusing on Animal Models

Min Ji Kim; Jong Sun Kim; Jeong Ho Seok

doi:10.4306/jknpa.2016.55.2.75

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Kim, Kim, and Seok: Effects of Early-Life Stress on the Structural and Functional Development of Central Nervous System : A Review of the Studies Focusing on Animal Models

Review Article

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association 2016; 55(2): 75-88.

Published online: 31 May 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4306/jknpa.2016.55.2.75

Effects of Early-Life Stress on the Structural and Functional Development of Central Nervous System : A Review of the Studies Focusing on Animal Models

Min Ji Kim, MD¹, Jong Sun Kim, MD², Jeong Ho Seok, MD, PhD³

¹Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

²Seoul Regional Military Manpower Office, Seoul, Korea.

³Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Address for correspondence: Jeong Ho Seok, MD, PhD. Department of Psychiatry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06273, Korea. Tel +82-2-2019-3343, Fax +82-2-3462-4304, johnstein@yuhs.ac

Received 4 December 2015 Revised 23 March 2016 Accepted 23 March 2016

Abstract

Early-life stress (ELS), a complex traumatic stress including abuse, neglect and bullying during childhood or adolescence, is closely related to the development of psychiatric disorders. Conduct of a prospective study on the effect of ELS in human subjects is difficult due to ethical issues and limitations, and animal model study can be a reasonable alternative. Articles regarding structural and functional changes in the animal brain associated with ELS have been reviewed in this study. An up-to-date literature search on the effect of ELS on animal brain was performed ; keywords included ELS, central nervous system (CNS), and animal study using PubMed. A total of 623 articles were found and important articles were reviewed. First, we summarized the neurobiological changes in CNS associated with ELS, and then the effects of ELS on emotional and cognitive function and behavioral characteristics were recapped. ELS can induce overreactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and cortical-subcortical structural changes including prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. These changes may be associated with neuroendocrine, cognitive, and emotional dysfunctions and related behavioral changes. Although most animal model studies used a single mode of stress, ELS tends to be experienced with complex types in human-life. Design of a new animal model examining the effects of complex trauma during early-life is important. Studies on the association between complex trauma and brain development can provide important insights regarding the pathogenetic mechanism of complex psychiatric disorders such as personality disorder and treatment-resistant depression.

Keywords: Early-life stress, Central nervous system, Animal model

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Behavioral and stress response changes depending on prenatal stress induction methods in animal model

Table 2

Changes in behavior and stress reaction according to postnatal stress induction methods in animal model

HPA : Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal

Notes

^{Conflicts of Interest} The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

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