Abstract
Evolutionary psychiatry is a branch of medical science concerning mental disorders, and also a multidisciplinary research field with close relation to psychology, anthropology, evolutionary biology, neuroscience, and ethology. Although evolutionary psychiatry is a promising area for further psychiatric studies, it is still in its infancy. Thus, there are no certain research methods using evolutionary approaches toward mental diseases. It is still at the level of adopting and applying the research methods of the aforementioned adjacent fields. We aim to investigate a variety of research methods proposed to date and then compare them, which will provide a glimpse of the future of evolutionary psychiatry in the upcoming era.
References
1. Buss DM. The handbook of evolutionary psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons;2005.
2. Ghaemi SN. The concepts of psychiatry: a pluralistic approach to the mind and mental illness. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press;2003.
3. Cartwright J. Evolution and human behaviour: Darwinian perspectives on human nature. 2nd ed. Cambridge: MIT Press;2008.
4. Bateson G. Steps to an ecology of mind: collected essays in anthropology, psychiatry, evolution, and epistemology. New York: Ballantine Books;1972.
5. Nesse RM. Evolution at 150: time for truly biological psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry. 2009; 195:471–472.
6. Porter R. Madness: a brief history. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press;2002.
7. Shorter E. A history of psychiatry: from the era of the asylum to the age of Prozac. New York: John Wiley & Sons;1997.
8. Chagnon NA. Evolutionary biology and human social behavior: an anthropological perspective. North Scituate: Duxbury Press;1979.
9. Wilson EO. Sociobiology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press;2000.
10. Barkow JH, Cosmides L, Tooby J. The adapted mind: evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. New York: Oxford University Press;1992.
11. Holloway RL, Sherwood CC, Hof PR, Rilling JK. Evolution of the brain in humans-Paleoneurology. In : Binder MD, Hirokawa N, Windhorst U, editors. Encyclopedia of neuroscience. Berlin: Springer;2009. p. 1326–1338.
12. Bruner E. Fossil traces of the human thought: paleoneurology and the evolution of the genus Homo. Rivista di Antropologia. 2003; 81:29–56.
13. Schwartz JH, Tattersall I. The human fossil record. New York: Wiley-Liss;2002.
14. Falk D, Clarke R. Brief communication: new reconstruction of the Taung endocast. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2007; 134:529–534.
15. Tobias PV. The brain in hominid evolution. New York: Columbia University Press;1971.
16. Boyd R, Silk JB. How humans evolved. 6th ed. New York: W. W. Norton & Company;2012.
17. Holloway RL. The evolution of the human brain: some notes toward a synthesis between neural structure and the evolution of complex behavior. Gen Syst. 1967; 12:3–19.
18. Eccles JC. Evolution of the brain: creation of the self. London: Routledge;1989.
19. Jerison HJ. Evolution of the brain and intelligence. New York: Academic;1973.
20. Martin RD. Body size, brain size and feeding strategies. In : Chivers DJ, Bernard AW, Bilsborough A, editors. Food acquisition and processing in primates. New York: Springer;1984. p. 73–103.
21. Lock A, Peters CR. The handbook of human symbolic evolution. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell;1999.
22. Galaburda AM, LeMay M, Kemper TL, Geschwind N. Right-left asymmetrics in the brain. Science. 1978; 199:852–856.
23. Balzeau A, Gilissen E, Grimaud-Hervé D. Shared pattern of endocranial shape asymmetries among great apes, anatomically modern humans, and fossil hominins. PLoS One. 2011; 7:e29581.
24. Falk D, Hildebolt C, Cheverud J, Vannier M, Helmkamp RC, Konigsberg L. Cortical asymmetries in frontal lobes of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Brain Res. 1990; 512:40–45.
25. Lieberman P. The biology and evolution of language. Cambridge: Harvard University Press;1984.
26. Buss DM. Evolutionary psychology: the new science of the mind. 4th ed. Boston: Pearson;2011.
27. Lee YA, Goto Y. Reconsideration of animal models of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders with evolutionary perspective. Med Hypotheses. 2013; 81:1120–1126.
28. Nestler EJ, Hyman SE. Animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Nat Neurosci. 2010; 13:1161–1169.
29. Moore H, Jentsch JD, Ghajarnia M, Geyer MA, Grace AA. A neurobehavioral systems analysis of adult rats exposed to methylazoxymethanol acetate on E17: implications for the neuropathology of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2006; 60:253–264.
30. Lu L, Mamiya T, Koseki T, Mouri A, Nabeshima T. Genetic animal models of schizophrenia related with the hypothesis of abnormal neurodevelopment. Biol Pharm Bull. 2011; 34:1358–1363.
31. Kvajo M, McKellar H, Gogos JA. Avoiding mouse traps in schizophrenia genetics: lessons and promises from current and emerging mouse models. Neuroscience. 2012; 211:136–164.
32. Penn DC, Povinelli DJ. On the lack of evidence that non-human animals possess anything remotely resembling a 'theory of mind'. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2007; 362:731–744.
33. Pongrácz P, Miklósi Á, Kubinyi E, Gurobi K, Topál J, Csányi V. Social learning in dogs: the effect of a human demonstrator on the performance of dogs in a detour task. Anim Behav. 2001; 62:1109–1117.
34. Hare B, Brown M, Williamson C, Tomasello M. The domestication of social cognition in dogs. Science. 2002; 298:1634–1636.
35. Bosch MN, Pugliese M, Gimeno-Bayón J, Rodríguez MJ, Mahy N. Dogs with cognitive dysfunction syndrome: a natural model of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2012; 9:298–314.
36. Cosmides L, Tooby J. Evolutionary psychology: theoretical foundations. In : Nadel L, editor. Encyclopedia of cognitive science. New York: John Wiley & Sons;2006.
37. Foster GM, Anderson BG. Medical anthropology. New York: Wiley;1978.
38. Foulks EF. The Arctic hysterias of the North Alaskan Eskimo. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association;1972.
39. Cho OL. Method of comparative cultural study: comparative researches in Korean anthropology and HRAF. Cross-Cult Stud. 1993; 1:57–77.
40. Dzokoto VA, Adams G. Understanding genital-shrinking epidemics in West Africa: koro, juju, or mass psychogenic illness? Cult Med Psychiatry. 2005; 29:53–78.
41. Chowdhury AN. Hundred years of Koro the history of a culture-bound syndrome. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 1998; 44:181–188.
42. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association;2013.
43. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005; 62:593–602.
45. Kellert SR, Wilson EO. The biophilia hypothesis. Washington, DC: Island Press;1993.
46. Wilson EO. Biophilia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press;1984.
47. Gullone E. The biophilia hypothesis and life in the 21st century: increasing mental health or increasing pathology? J Happiness Stud. 2000; 1:293–322.
48. Richerson PJ, Boyd R. Not by genes alone. Chicago: University of Chicago;2005. p. 127–129.
49. Brüne M. Textbook of evolutionary psychiatry: the origins of psychopathology. New York: Oxford University Press;2008.
50. Guisinger S. Adapted to flee famine: adding an evolutionary perspective on anorexia nervosa. Psychol Rev. 2003; 110:745–761.
51. Buss DM. The evolution of desire: strategies of human mating. New York: Basic Books;2003.
52. Ovuga E, Boardman A, Oluka G. Traditional Healers and mental illness in Uganda. Psychiatr Bull. 1999; 23:276–279.
53. Flaherty AW. Kaplan and Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams;2011.
54. Field MJ. Search for security; an ethnopsychiatric study of rural Ghana. London: Faber and Faber;1960.
55. Dohrenwend BP, Dohrenwend BS. The problem of validity in field studies of psychological disorder. J Abnorm Psychol. 1965; 70:52–69.
56. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza A. The history and geography of human genes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press;1994.
57. Futuyma DJ. Evolution. 3rd ed. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers;2013.
58. International HapMap Consortium. A haplotype map of the human genome. Nature. 2005; 437:1299–1320.
59. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P, Kaplan HI. Kaplan & Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2009.
60. Wells S. Deep ancestry: inside the Genographic Project. Washington, DC: National Geographic;2006.
61. Relethford J. Reflections of our past: how human history is revealed in our genes. Boulder: Westview Press;2003.
62. Prüfer K, Racimo F, Patterson N, Jay F, Sankararaman S, Sawyer S, et al. The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature. 2014; 505:43–49.
63. Green RE, Krause J, Briggs AW, Maricic T, Stenzel U, Kircher M, et al. A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science. 2010; 328:710–722.
64. Mekel-Bobrov N, Gilbert SL, Evans PD, Vallender EJ, Anderson JR, Hudson RR, et al. Ongoing adaptive evolution of ASPM, a brain size determinant in Homo sapiens. Science. 2005; 309:1720–1722.
65. Evans PD, Gilbert SL, Mekel-Bobrov N, Vallender EJ, Anderson JR, Vaez-Azizi LM, et al. Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans. Science. 2005; 309:1717–1720.
66. Yu F, Hill RS, Schaffner SF, Sabeti PC, Wang ET, Mignault AA, et al. Comment on "Ongoing adaptive evolution of ASPM, a brain size determinant in Homo sapiens". Science. 2007; 316:370.
67. Dediu D, Ladd DR. Linguistic tone is related to the population frequency of the adaptive haplogroups of two brain size genes, ASPM and Microcephalin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007; 104:10944–10949.
68. Mekel-Bobrov N, Posthuma D, Gilbert SL, Lind P, Gosso MF, Luciano M, et al. The ongoing adaptive evolution of ASPM and Microcephalin is not explained by increased intelligence. Hum Mol Genet. 2007; 16:600–608.
69. Gabriel SB, Schaffner SF, Nguyen H, Moore JM, Roy J, Blumenstiel B, et al. The structure of haplotype blocks in the human genome. Science. 2002; 296:2225–2229.
70. Hinds DA, Stuve LL, Nilsen GB, Halperin E, Eskin E, Ballinger DG, et al. Whole-genome patterns of common DNA variation in three human populations. Science. 2005; 307:1072–1079.
71. International HapMap 3 Consortium. Altshuler DM, Gibbs RA, Peltonen L, Altshuler DM, Gibbs RA, et al. Integrating common and rare genetic variation in diverse human populations. Nature. 2010; 467:52–58.
72. Bush WS, Moore JH. Chapter 11: Genome-wide association studies. PLoS Comput Biol. 2012; 8:e1002822.
73. Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Steering Committee. A framework for interpreting genome-wide association studies of psychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2009; 14:10–17.
74. ENCODE Project Consortium. The ENCODE (ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements) Project. Science. 2004; 306:636–640.
75. International Schizophrenia Consortium. Purcell SM, Wray NR, Stone JL, Visscher PM, O'Donovan MC, et al. Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature. 2009; 460:748–752.
76. Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature. 2014; 511:421–427.
77. Gluckman PD, Beedle A, Hanson MA. Principles of evolutionary medicine. New York: Oxford University Press;2009.
79. Lane LW, Luchins DJ. Evolutionary approaches to psychiatry and problems of method. Compr Psychiatry. 1988; 29:598–603.
80. Darwin C. On the origin of species by means of natural selection: or, the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street;1907.
81. Comer RJ. Abnormal psychology. New York: Worth Publishers;2010.
82. Weir K. The roots of mental illness. Monit Psychol. 2012; 43:30–33.