Assessment Tools for Psychological Trauma in Children and Adolescent after a Disaster

Cheol-Soon Lee; Ji-Yeong Seo; Dae-Ho Kim; Soo Young Bhang

doi:10.4306/jknpa.2015.54.3.269

Journal List > J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc > v.54(3) > 1017740

Go to TopGo to Top Go to BottomGo to Bottom

TOOLS

Lee, Seo, Kim, and Bhang: Assessment Tools for Psychological Trauma in Children and Adolescent after a Disaster

Special Issue

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association 2015; 54(3): 269-275.

Published online: 21 August 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4306/jknpa.2015.54.3.269

Assessment Tools for Psychological Trauma in Children and Adolescent after a Disaster

Cheol-Soon Lee, MD, PhD^1,², Ji-Yeong Seo, MD², Dae-Ho Kim, MD, PhD^3,⁴, Soo Young Bhang, MD, MPH, PhD^4,⁵

¹Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea.

²Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.

³Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Guri General Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea.

⁴Korean Disaster & Trauma Mental Health Committee, Seoul, Korea.

⁵Department of Psychiatry, Eulji University School of Medicine, Eulji General Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

Address for correspondence: Soo Young Bhang, MD, MPH, PhD. Department of Psychiatry, Eulji University School of Medicine, Eulji General Hospital, 68 Hangeulbiseok-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01830, Korea. Tel +82-2-970-8303, Fax +82-2-970-8429, dresme@dreamwiz.com

Received 11 May 2015 Revised 13 May 2015 Accepted 14 May 2015

Abstract

Psychological trauma that can influence development of children and adolescents is common. Evaluation of the trauma is important for treatment and predicting prognosis for children and adolescents. There are many ways to evaluate the effect of psychological trauma, but few articles reviewing assessment tools used in Korea have been reported. Therefore we reviewed various checklists, structure and semi-structure interviews for choosing well and useful usage of these resources in the future. We would suggest usage of the Korean Version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised and Korean Version of the Children's Response to Traumatic Events Scale-Revised as a self-report. Korean Version of Clinician Administered posttraumatic stress disorder scale for Children and Adolescents will also be useful for interview of trauma in Korean children and adolescents. Other various tools that have been used in foreign countries reflecting Korean culture and society will need to be standardized.

Keywords: Assessment tools, Psychological trauma, Children, Adolescent

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Interviews for psychological trauma in children and adolescents after a disaster

CPTSDI-C : Childhood PTSD Interview-Child, CPTSDI-P : Childhood PTSD Interview-Parent, CITES-R : Children's Impact of Traumatic Events-Revised, CAPS-CA : Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents, PTSD : Posttraumatic stress disorder

Table 2

Self-reports for psychological trauma in children and adolescents after a disaster

IES-R-K : Korean Version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised, K-CRTES-R : Korean Version of the Children's Response to Traumatic Events Scale-Revised, TSCC : Traumatic Symptom Checklist for Children, PDS-K : Korean Version of the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale, CROPS : the Child Report of Post-traumatic Symptoms, PROPS : the Parent Report of Post-traumatic Symptoms, CTQ : Child Trauma Questionnaire, A-DES : Adolescent Dissociative Experience Scale, CSBI-I : Child Sexual Behavior Inventory, TSCYC : Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children, PTSD : Posttraumatic stress disorder, DSM-IV : Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition

Notes

^{Conflicts of Interest} The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

References

1. Fletcher KE. Posttraumatic stress disorder. In : Mash EJ, Barkely RA, editors. Assessment of Childhood Disorders. New York: The Guilford Press;2007. p. 398–483.

2. Carlson EB. Trauma assessments: a clinician's guide. New York, NY: Guilford Press;1997.

3. Saigh PA, Yasik AE, Oberfield RA, Green BL, Halamandaris PV, Rubenstein H, et al. The Children's PTSD Inventory: development and reliability. J Trauma Stress. 2000; 13:369–380.

4. Yasik AE, Saigh PA, Oberfield RA, Green B, Halamandaris P, McHugh M. The validity of the children's PTSD Inventory. J Trauma Stress. 2001; 14:81–94.

5. Saigh PA, Yasik AE, Oberfield RA, Halamandaris PV, Bremner JD. The intellectual performance of traumatized children and adolescents with or without posttraumatic stress disorder. J Abnorm Psychol. 2006; 115:332–340.

6. Wolfe VV. Measuring post-traumatic stress disorder: the Children's Impact of Traumatic Events Scale-revised. APSAC Advis. 1996; 9:25–26.

7. Chaffin M, Shultz SK. Psychometric evaluation of the Children's Impact of Traumatic Events Scale-Revised. Child Abuse Negl. 2001; 25:401–411.

8. Feiring C, Taska L, Lewis M. Age and gender differences in children's and adolescents' adaptation to sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 1999; 23:115–128.

9. Newman E, Weathers FW, Nader K, Kaloupek DG, Pynoos RS, Blake DD. Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents (CAPS-CA). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services;2004.

10. Ku JI, Kim TH, Eun HJ, Choi MR, Lee SM, Cho SJ, et al. A study of reliability and validity on the Korean version of clinician administered PTSD scale for children and adolescents. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2006; 45:571–577.

11. Carrion VG, Weems CF, Eliez S, Patwardhan A, Brown W, Ray RD, et al. Attenuation of frontal asymmetry in pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2001; 50:943–951.

12. Bahn GH, Kim B, Hwang JW, Yoo H, Min JW, Kwack YS, et al. The Mental Effects on Child Actors in Playing a Role: Observations on Filming Sites and Interviews with Filming Personnel. J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013; 24:57–64.

13. Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W. Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med. 1979; 41:209–218.

14. Weiss DS, Marmar CR. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In : Wilson J, Keane T, editors. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. New York: Guildford;1997. p. 399–411.

15. Eun HJ, Kwon TW, Lee SM, Kim TH, Choi MR, Cho SJ. A study on reliability and validity of the Korean Version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2005; 44:303–310.

16. Pfefferbaum B, Gurwitch RH, McDonald NB, Leftwich MJ, Sconzo GM, Messenbaugh AK, et al. Posttraumatic stress among young children after the death of a friend or acquaintance in a terrorist bombing. Psychiatr Serv. 2000; 51:386–388.

17. Jones RT. Child's Reaction to Traumatic Events Scale (CRTES): A self-report traumatic stress measure. Blacksburg, VA: Virginala Tech Univ.;1994.

18. Jones RT, Fletcher K, Ribbe DR. Child's Reaction to Traumatic Events Scale-Revised (CRTES-R): A self-report traumatic stress measure. Blacksburg, VA: Virginala Tech Univ.;2002.

19. Jeong Y, Kim D, Bae H, Kim SH, Go B, Kim SH. Factorial validity and psychometric properties of the Korean version of the children's response to traumatic events Scale-Revised in recently traumatized school children. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2012; 51:185–191.

20. Chung CY, Kim D, Kim SH, Bae H, Lee K, Go B. Treatment response of affect regulation group therapy for recently traumatized school children. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2014; 53:171–177.

21. Briere J. Trauma symptom checklist for children: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources;1996.

22. Son SY, Kim TK, Shin YJ. The Effectiveness of Traumatic Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC): Comparisons of Sexually Abused Children and Nonabused Normal Children. J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007; 18:49–57.

23. Cohen JA, Mannarino AP, Knudsen K. Treating sexually abused children: 1 year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Child Abuse Negl. 2005; 29:135–145.

24. Foa EB, Cashman L, Jaycox L, Perry K. The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychol Assess. 1997; 9:445–451.

25. Nam B, Kwon HI, Kwon JH. Psychometric qualities of the Korean version of the Post-traumatic Diagnosis Scale (PDS-K). Korean J Clin Psychol. 2010; 29:147–167.

26. Neuner F, Schauer M, Karunakara U, Klaschik C, Robert C, Elbert T. Psychological trauma and evidence for enhanced vulnerability for posttraumatic stress disorder through previous trauma among West Nile refugees. BMC Psychiatry. 2004; 4:34.

27. Greenwald R, Rubin A. Brief assessment of children's post-traumatic symptoms: development and preliminary validation of parent and child scales. Res Soc Work Pract. 1999; 9:61–75.

28. Lee KM, Jeong SH, Lee WK, Chung US. Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Child Report of Post-Traumatic Symptoms (CROPS) and the Parent Report of Post-Traumatic Symptoms (PROPS). J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011; 22:169–181.

29. Jaberghaderi N, Greenwald R, Rubin A, Zand SO, Dolatabadi S. A Comparison of CBT and EMDR for Sexually-abused Iranian Girls. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2004; 11:358–368.

30. Ribbe D. Psychometric review of Traumatic Event Screening Instrument for Children (TESI-C). In : Stamm BH, editor. Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation. Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press;1996. p. 386–387.

31. Lang JM, Stover CS. Symptom patterns among youth exposed to intimate partner violence. J Fam Viol. 2008; 23:619–629.

32. Rodriguez N, Steinberg A, Pynoos RS. UCLA PTSD Index for DSM IV instrument information: Child version, parent version, adolescent version. Los Angeles: UCLA Trauma Psychiatry Services;1999.

33. Pynoos R, Rodriguez N, Steinberg A, Stuber M, Frederick C. The UCLA PTSD reaction index for DSM IV (Revision 1). Los Angeles: UCLA Trauma Psychiatry Program;1998.

34. Rodriguez N, Steinberg AM, Saltzman W, Pynoos RS. UCLA PTSD Reaction Index: psychometric analysis. In : Proceedings of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies; Northbrook, IL: ISTSS;2001.

35. Roussos A, Goenjian AK, Steinberg AM, Sotiropoulou C, Kakaki M, Kabakos C, et al. Posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among children and adolescents after the 1999 earthquake in Ano Liosia, Greece. Am J Psychiatry. 2005; 162:530–537.

36. Bernstein DP, Fink L. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. A retrospective self-report. Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace & Company;1998.

37. Paivio SC, McCulloch CR. Alexithymia as a mediator between childhood trauma and self-injurious behaviors. Child Abuse Negl. 2004; 28:339–354.

38. Putnam FW. Dissociation in children and adolescents: a developmental perspective. New York: Guilford Press;1997.

39. Kisiel CL, Lyons JS. Dissociation as a mediator of psychopathology among sexually abused children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 2001; 158:1034–1039.

40. Friedrich WN, Grambsch P, Damon L, Hewitt SK, Koverola C, Lang RA, et al. Child sexual behavior inventory: normative and clinical comparisons. Psychol Assess. 1992; 4:303–311.

41. Feindler EL, Rathus JH, Silver LB. Assessment of family violence: a handbook for researchers and practitioners. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association;2003.

42. Drach KM, Wientzen J, Ricci LR. The diagnostic utility of sexual behavior problems in diagnosing sexual abuse in a forensic child abuse evaluation clinic. Child Abuse Negl. 2001; 25:489–503.

43. Deblinger E, Mannarino AP, Cohen JA, Runyon MK, Steer RA. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children: impact of the trauma narrative and treatment length. Depress Anxiety. 2011; 28:67–75.

44. Briere J, Johnson K, Bissada A, Damon L, Crouch J, Gil E, et al. The Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC): reliability and association with abuse exposure in a multi-site study. Child Abuse Negl. 2001; 25:1001–1014.

TOOLS

Similar articles