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Jang, Kim, Lee, and Lee: Sleep Wake Patterns and Nocturnal Sleep Parameters in the Morning and Evening Types
Original Article
Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association

Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association 2012; 51(4): 218-224.

Published online: 30 July 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4306/jknpa.2012.51.4.218

Sleep Wake Patterns and Nocturnal Sleep Parameters in the Morning and Evening Types

Kwang Ho Jang, MD1, Seong Jae Kim, MD2, Se Yong Lee, BS1, Jung Hie Lee, MD, PhD1, 3

1Department of Psychiatry, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.

2Department of Psychiatry, Hyosung Hospital, Cheongju, Korea.

3Department of Psychiatry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.

Address for correspondence: Jung Hie Lee, MD, PhD. Department of Psychiatry, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, 156 Baengnyeong-ro, Chuncheon 200-722, Korea. Tel +82-33-258-2310, Fax +82-33-258-3344, jhielee@kangwon.ac.kr

Received 22 March 2012       Revised 9 May 2012       Accepted 18 May 2012

Copyright © 2012 Korean Neuropsychiatric Association

Abstract

Objectives

The aim of our study was to compare sleep wake patterns and nocturnal sleep parameters between the morning type (MT) and evening type (ET).

Methods

The Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Korean version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (KESS) were administered to subjects recruited among visitors to the Chuncheon National Museum from 2010 to 2011. Actigraphy data (Actiwatch-2, Philips-Respironics Co.) were collected from eight MT (Age 38.0±3.8, M : F=2 : 6), 12 neither type (NT) (Age 34.2±5.1, M : F=2 : 10), and nine ET (Age 30.3±6.8, M : F=2 : 7) subjects.

Results

Scores for PSQI and KESS did not differ significantly among the MT, NT, and ET groups. No differences in time in bed, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset, sleep latency, and fragmentation index were observed among the three groups. In the ET group, the mean wake time on free days was significantly later, and the mean sleep duration on free days was significantly longer, compared with those of the MT group (p<0.01).

Conclusion

No differences in sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and nocturnal sleep parameters were observed among the MT, NT, and ET groups. Compared to MT subjects, ET subjects showed later wake time and longer sleep duration on free days.

Keywords: Morningness-eveningness, MEQ, Sleep wake pattern, Sleep parameter, Actigraphy

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1
Pearson's correlation analysis of PSQI scores with WASO (p<0.05), PSQI : Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, WASO : Wake time after sleep onset.
jkna-51-218-g001
Table 1
Demographic features in the subjects with MT, NT and ET
jkna-51-218-i001

* : Statistically significant († : χ2-test or Kruskal-Wallis test). MT : Morning type, NT : Neither type, ET : Evening type, SD : Standard deviation

Table 2
Scores of MEQ, KESS and PSQI in the subjects with MT, NT and ET
jkna-51-218-i002

* : Statistically significant (ANCOVA controlling for age), † : 2 subjects with missing data were excluded. MT : Morning type, NT : Neither type, ET : Evening type, MEQ : Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, KESS : Korean version Epworth Sleepiness Scale, PSQI : Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, SD : Standard deviation

Table 3
Sleep parameters measured by actigraphy in the subjects with MT, NT and ET
jkna-51-218-i003

ANCOVA controlling for age. MT : Morning type, NT : Neither type, ET : Evening type, SD : Standard deviation

Table 4
Sleep-wake pattern and caffeine use in the subjects with MT, NT and ET
jkna-51-218-i004

* : Statistically significant (ANCOVA controlling for age), † : 2 subjects with missing data were excluded, ‡ : 3 subjects with missing data were excluded. MT : Morning type, NT : Neither type, ET : Evening type, h : Hours, m : Minutes, SD : Standard deviation

Table 5
Sleep-wake pattern from sleep log and actigraphy in the subjects with MT, NT and ET
jkna-51-218-i005

* : Statistically significant (ANCOVA controlling for age), † : From sleep log, ‡ : From actigraphy. MT : Morning type, NT : Neither type, ET : Evening type, h : Hours, m : Minutes, SD : Standard deviation

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