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Seo, Kim, Kim, Cho, Kwon, Oh, Hong, Seo, Lee, Lee, Kim, Kim, Kim, Cho, and Ryu: The Impact of Mitral Annular Calcification on Left Ventricular Function in Nonagenarians
Original Article
Korean Circulation Journal

Korean Circulation Journal 2010; 40(6): 260-265.

Published online: 29 June 2010

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2010.40.6.260

The Impact of Mitral Annular Calcification on Left Ventricular Function in Nonagenarians

Ki Woo Seo, MD, Eun Young Kim, MD, Jeong Eun Kim, MD, Eun Jung Cho, MD, Jee Eun Kwon, MD, Min Seok Oh, MD, Joon Hwa Hong, MD, Jae Seung Seo, MD, Wang-Soo Lee, MD, Kwang Je Lee, MD, Sang-Wook Kim, MD, Tae Ho Kim, MD, Chee Jeong Kim, MD, Dae Yun Cho, MD, Wang Seong Ryu, MD

Division of Cardiology, Heart Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.

Correspondence: Sang-Wook Kim, MD, Division of Cardiology, Heart Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 224-1 Heukseok 1-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-755, Korea. Tel: 82-2-6299-2871, Fax: 82-2-823-0160, swivus@gmail.com

Received 22 May 2009       Revised 31 August 2009       Accepted 5 October 2009

Copyright © 2010 The Korean Society of Cardiology

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background and Objectives

Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is known to be associated with degenerative processes of the cardiac fibrous skeleton and cardiovascular disease mortality. However, MAC has not been evaluated in an extreme age group (patients ≥90 years of age). In this study, the clinical significance of MAC associated with aging was examined in this age group and compared with MAC associated with aging in a younger (20 to 50 years of age) group of patients.

Subjects and Methods

We assessed echocardiographic parameters in 43 nonagenarians and 51 young patients. In the nonagenarian group, patient's age was 92±2 years and 27% were male; in the young control group, patient's age was 36±9 years and 51% were male. Comprehensive M-mode and Doppler echocardiography, including tissue Doppler imaging, were performed. The frequency and severity of MAC was assessed from the leading anterior to the trailing posterior edge at its largest width for least 3 cardiac cycles.

Results

Echocardiography showed that the left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic dimension was larger in the young controls (p=0.007); however, the ejection fraction (EF) was lower in the nonagenarian group (p=0.001). The frequency of MAC was greater in nonagenarians {42/43 (97%)} than in controls {9/51 (17%), p<0.0001}. The maximal width of MAC was larger in nonagenarians (0.52±0.17 mm and 0.05±0.13 mm, p<0.0001). MAC was correlated with LV mass index (g/m2) (r=0.280, p=0.014) and EF (%) (r=-0.340, p=0.001). More importantly, early mitral inflow velocity/early diastolic mitral annulus velocity (E/E') was strongly correlated with MAC in non-agenarians (r= 0.683, p<0.0001).

Conclusion

MAC may be associated with extreme age and increased LV filling pressure in nonagenarians. Further study is necessary to assess the cardiovascular mortality and structural changes related to mitral annulus calcification associated with aging.

Keywords: Mitral value, Left ventricle, Nonagenarians

Introduction

Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is a chronic, fibrotic degenerative change of the annulus supporting the mitral value.1)2) Histopathologically, MAC has been reported to occur when foam cells, which are characteristic of early-stage atherosclerotic lesions, are deposited on the epithelium lining of cardiac vessels, especially on the posterior mitral leaflet.3) MAC has been demonstrated to correlate with age,4) endocarditis,5) cardiovascular disease,6-10) and congestive heart failure.4)11)12) Furthermore, MAC has also been reported as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality.6)13)14)
With the aging of the current population, the number of elderly people aged 65 years or older has rapidly increased.15) The number of cases in which elderly people aged 90 years or older are hospitalized has also been increasing. However, few studies have examined the occurrence of MAC in these elderly patients.
Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the clinical significance of MAC associated with the nonagenarian when compared with a group of young control patients.

Subjects and Methods

Study population

The current study was conducted in 52 elderly patients aged 90 years or older who were hospitalized to undergo cardiac echocardiography at the Division of Cardiology during a 3-year period from June 2005 to July 2008. The control group comprised 51 consecutive patients, from 20 to 50 years old, who underwent echocardiography. In the nonagenarian group, five patients had medical records regarding their echocardiography which were obscure and two had missing medical records. Total of 45 patients were finally enrolled in the nonagenarian group.

Measurement of mitral annular calcification

Medical records were evaluated for 96 patients. Clinical data of past medical history including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, myocardial infarction, and family history of cardiovascular diseases were collected. Echocardiography was performed based on the judgment of physicians and using a GE Vivid 7 Ultrasound (General Electric Healthcare, Vingmed, Horten Norway) with a 2.5 MHz probe. The diameter of the left atrium, the size of the ascending aorta, left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume, LV end-systolic volume, the thickness of the interventricular septum, the thickness of the posterior ventricular wall, E wave, and E' wave were measured. The LV volume was measured by two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured using modified Simpson method.16) LV mass and LV mass index were calculated. LV mass were calculated using Devereux's formula:17)

  • 1.04 {(LVID+PWT+IVST)3-LVID3}×0.8+0.6

  • LVID: left ventricular internal dimension

  • PWT: posterior wall thickness

  • IVST: interventricular septal thickness

The LV mass index was defined as the LV mass, obtained using the formula above, divided by the body surface area. MAC was defined as an echo-dense structure observed in the margin of the atrioventricular groove and the posterior leaflet on the apical four chamber view and the parasternal long-axis view on a 2D echocardiography or an echo-dense structure observed posterior to the posterior leaflet on the parasternal short-axis view. This was confirmed by performing echocardiography for at least three cardiac cycles, and MAC width was then determined by selecting the thickest value of the measurements obtained from the apical four chamber view of 2D echocardiography (Fig. 1).8)14)

Statistical analysis

All the measurements were expressed as mean±SD. An inter-group comparison was made using Student's t-test. For MAC, the correlation of each variable was evaluated using a simple linear regression analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA) version. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Clinical characteristics

Of the nonagenarian patients, 12/45 were men (27%) and 73% were women (33/45) and the mean age was 92±2 years. Of the young control group patients, 26/51 were men (51%) and 49% were women (25/51) and mean age was 36±9 years.
The incidence of hypertension was higher in the nonagenarian patients {37/45 (82%)} than young control group {8/51 (15%), p<0.0001}. However, the incidence of smoking was higher in patients in the young control group {12/51 (54%)} than in the nonagenarian group {5/45 (24%), p=0.025}. There were no significant differences in diabetes mellitus (p=0.123), hyperlipidemia (p=0.938), past history of myocardial infarction (p=0.123), or family history of cardiovascular disease (p=0.097) between the two groups. Of the cardiovascular diseases, the incidence of heart failure was higher in nonagenarian {18/45 (40%)} than in young control group {6/51 (12%), p=0.0012} (Table 1).

Comparisons of the echocardiographic parameters

In comparing the echocardiographic results of the nonagenarian group with those of the young control group, significant increases were seen in the thickness of the interventricular septum (p<0.0001) and the thickness of the posterior wall of the LV in the nonagenarian group (p<0.0001). LV mass was also increased in elderly patients (165.79±49.34 vs. 145.67±40.02 gm, p=0.034), and the LV mass index was larger in nonagenarian patients when compared with the young patients (p<0.0001). The LV end-systolic diameter was similar between the two groups (p=0.725); however, the LV enddiastolic diameter was smaller in nonagenarian patients (p=0.007). The E/E' ratio was higher in nonagenarian patients (17.25±3.66 vs. 8.77±3.33, p<0.0001). Finally, the LVEF was significantly higher in the young control group (p=0.001) (Table 2).

Correlation between the clinical characteristics, echocardiograph parameters, and mitral annular calcification

The incidence of MAC was 97% (41/43) in nonagenarian patients and 17% (9/51) in the young control group patients (p<0.0001). The width of MAC was 0.52±0.17 mm in nonagenarian patients and 0.05±0.13 mm in the young control group (p<0.0001) (Fig. 2). Simple linear regression analysis showed that the width of MAC correlated with age (r=0.836, p<0.0001), but not with the diameter of the left atrium (r=0.201, p=0.051), the LV end-systolic diameter (r=0.009, p=0.93), or the LV end-diastolic diameter (r=0.194, p=0.059). There were weak correlations between MAC and the thickness of the interventricular septum (r=0.363, p<0.0001), the thickness of the posterior wall of the LV (r=0.298, p=0.003), the size of the ascending aorta (r=0.382, p<0.0001), and LV mass (r=0.280, p=0.014) (Fig. 3A). The LVEF was negatively correlated with MAC (r=-0.340, p=0.001) (Fig. 3B), and the E/E' ratio showed a strong positive correlation with MAC (r=0.683, p<0.0001) (Fig. 3C). However, it was found that when adjusting for age, the LVEF (r=0.0043, p=0.6802), LV mass (r=0.0381, p=0.2335), and E/E' ratio (r=0.1656, p=0.1676) were not correlated with MAC. In addition, following adjustment for gender and underlying diseases, excluding cases in which a statistical significance could not be found due to a small number of enrolled patients, the correlation of the width of MAC with age was shown to be higher in nonagenarian patients (Table 3).

Discussion

The proportion of elderly people in Korea aged 65 years and older was 6.6% of the total population in 1998 and approximately 10.3% of the population in 2008. This indicates that the Korean population is aging rapidly.15) Cardiovascular disease is known to be the third most prevalent cause of death, after cancer and cerebrovascular disease, in elderly Koreans and shows a similar profile of incidence. However, few studies have reported the risk of cardiovascular disease in elderly Koreans.
According to Sadig et al.18) left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was markedly observed in elderly patients aged 100 years or older. In these patients, the LV diameter and LV end-systolic volume were significantly decreased, but the LVEF was higher than in young patients, which is thought to be a paradoxic response followed by decrease of LV volume and progression of LVH. Wong et al.19) reported that the thickness of the interventricular septum, the thickness of the posterior wall of LV, LV mass, and LV mass index were increased in women aged 50 years or older. In the study presented here, the size of the aorta, the thickness of the posterior wall of the LV, the thickness of the interventricular septum, LV mass, LV mass index, and the ratio of E/E' were significantly increased in elderly patients aged 90 years or older, which is consistent with the previous studies. Additionally, the LVEF was maintained within the normal range in these elderly patients, whereas the LVEF exceeded normal range (55-75%) in elderly patients aged 100 years or older.18)
It has been reported that mitral stenosis is associated with the calcification of the mitral valve20) and coronary artery,21-24) a giant aneurysm of the Sinus of Valsalva with calcification,24) calcification of left atrium,25) and aortic stiffness.26) However, reports of MAC are limited. Boon et al.27) conducted a comparative study in 657 patients with MAC; dividing patient groups as under 45 years of age, between 45 and 55 years of age, between 56 and 65 years of age, and over 66 years of age; and found that the increase in MAC was correlated with age. Rao et al.28) reported that the LVEF decreased depending on the severity of MAC in patients with chronic renal failure, and this led to the impairment of the contractile function of LV. In addition, in cases in which the ratio of E/E' was smaller than 10, pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) was lower than 15 mmHg, and when the ratio of E/E' was greater than 20, PAWP exceeded 20 mmHg. These results suggest that PAWP is associated with the increase in LV filling pressure.29)30)
In this study, the frequency and width of MAC were shown to be significantly higher in nonagenarian patients. After adjusting for gender and underlying diseases, the width of MAC was significantly higher in these elderly patients, suggesting that MAC is an indicator of the degenerative changes of the heart associated with age. Additionally, MAC appears to be an indicator of increased LV filling pressure, as is the ratio of E/E' in elderly patients.
This study was a small retrospective study. We could not evaluate the correlation of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and smoking with MAC because of the limited use of 2D echocardiography in nonagenarian patients. Also, the differences between male and female patients were not analyzed. The quantitative measurement of MAC was limited using 2D echocardiography. More importantly, MAC itself diminished the motion of the mitral annulus, so the assessment of the E/E' ratio did not reveal the actual LV filling pressure.
MAC is a degenerative change that occurs in elderly patients, and is associated with the LV filling pressure. Further studies are warranted to examine the structural changes of the heart and the risk of cardiovascular mortality associated with MAC.

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1
The measurement of mitral annulus calcification (MAC) in a nonagenarian. The thickest measured width of MAC was 7.6 mm at the apical four chamber view.
kcj-40-260-g001
Fig. 2
The frequency and severity of mitral annulus calcification (MAC) were higher in nonagenarians. A: frequency of MAC. B: MAC width.
kcj-40-260-g002
Fig. 3
The correlations of mitral annular calcification (MAC) width. A: left ventricular mass index. B: ejection fraction. C: E/E' ratio.
kcj-40-260-g003
Table 1
Clinical characteristics of the study population
kcj-40-260-i001
Table 2
Echocardiographic parameters of the study population
kcj-40-260-i002

IVS: interventricular septum, LVPW: left ventricular posterior wall, LVID: left ventricular internal dimension, MAC: mitral annular calcification, LV: left ventricle

Table 3
Analysis of mitral annulus calcification based on gender and risk factors
kcj-40-260-i003

N/A: not applicable, could not evaluable due to small number of cases

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