Vitamin D in Full-term Neonates in Daegu and Gyeongbuk Province of Korea and the Association with Maternal and Neonatal Diseases

Jung Eun Moon; Ji Min Lee; Da Eun Ro; Heng Mi Kim

doi:10.14734/kjp.2015.26.4.329

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Moon, Lee, Ro, and Kim: Vitamin D in Full-term Neonates in Daegu and Gyeongbuk Province of Korea and the Association with Maternal and Neonatal Diseases

Original Article

Korean J Perinatol 2015;26(4):329-335.

Published online: 20 December 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14734/kjp.2015.26.4.329

Vitamin D in Full-term Neonates in Daegu and Gyeongbuk Province of Korea and the Association with Maternal and Neonatal Diseases

Jung Eun Moon, M.D.S, Ji Min Lee, M.D., Da Eun Ro, M.D., Heng Mi Kim, M.D, Ph.D.

Department of Pediatrics, Kyungbook National University, Daegu, Korea

Correspondence to: Heng Mi Kim, M.D, Ph.D. Department of Pediatrics, Kyungbook National University Children's Hospital, 807 Hoguk-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41404, Korea Tel: +82-53-200-5701, Fax: +82-53-425-6683 E-mail: hmkim@knu.ac.kr

Received 26 October 2015 Revised 29 October 2015 Accepted 29 October 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D₃] levels of full-term neonates in Daegu and Gyeongbuk province of Korea to determine the association between maternal and neonatal diseases, known to be affected by low 25(OH)D₃ levels.

Methods

Serum 25(OH)D3 levels were evaluated in full-term neonates (n=122) who were born at Kyungpook National University Hospital. Normal full-term neonates (control group, n=38) were classified by sex, season of birth, and delivery mode (normal or caesarean section). Serum 25(OH)D₃ levels in neonates (n=84) with maternal diseases (gestational diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, pregnancy induced hypertension, premature rupture of membrane and systemic lupus erythematosus) and neonatal diseases (small for gestational age, transient tachypnea of newborn and pneumonia) were compared with those in control group.

Results

The mean serum 25(OH)D₃ level in the control group was 9.2±5.0 ng/mL. There were no statistically significant differences of serum 25(OH)D₃ level between the control group and the disease group. In the control group, 63.2% of serum 25(OH)D₃ levels referred to vitamin D deficiency, and 34.2% referred to vitamin D insufficiency. In the maternal disease group and the neonatal disease group, 56.1% and 63.0% of serum 25(OH)D₃ levels referred to vitamin D deficiency, and 35.0% and 33.3% referred to vitamin D insufficiency.

Conclusion

High percentages of neonates were found to be deficient or insufficient in vitamin D. Although low 25(OH)D₃ levels have previously been associated with maternal and infant diseases, the association was not observed in this study.

Keywords: Vitamin D, Full-term infant, Vitamin D deficiency

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Table 1.

Comparison of Serum Levels of 25(OH)D₃ according to Gender and Season of Birth in the Control Group

	Number of infant (%)	25(OH)D₃ (ng/mL)	P value
Gender
Male	24 (63.1)	10.6±6.6	0.215
Female	14 (36.9)	8.2±3.6
Season of birth
Spring	9 (23.6)	7.3±3.8	0.058
Summer	11 (28.9)	10.9±7.2
Autumn	12 (31.6)	10.8±4.0
Winter	6 (15.8)	6.3±2.4

Table 2.

Comparison of Serum Levels of 25(OH)D₃ between Control Group and Maternal Diseased Group

	Control	Maternal disease
	Control	DM	HypoTy	PIH	ROM	SLE
N	38	29	8	7	7	6
Wt (g)	3218±353.9	3092±471.5	2776±478.3	2717±541.7	3241±227.3	3145±426.6
GA (week)	38.7±1.2	38.1±0.9	38.3±0.8	37.8±0.8	38.6±1.2	38.7±0.8
M:F	1:0.7	1:1.3	1:1	1:1.3	1:0.2	1:1
Maternal age (yr)	35.2±4.8	36.7±4.5	34.8±3.5	32.2±5.5	36.6±4.2	37.4±5.0
C-sec(%)	29 (76.3)	20 (69.0)	8 (100)	6 (85.8)	5 (71.4)	3 (50.0)
25(OH)D₃ ng/mL
<10	24 (63.2)	16 (55.2)	4 (50.0)	4 (57.1)	5 (71.5)	3 (50.0)
10–20	13 (34.2)	9 (31.0)	4 (50.0)	2 (28.5)	2 (28.6)	3 (50.0)
21–30	1 (2.4)	4 (13.8)	0	1 (14.3)	0	0
>30	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mean	9.2±5.0	11.5±5.7	9.3±4.2	10.7±9.0	8.9±3.3	9.7±4.2
Ca (mg/dL)	9.6±0.7	9.6±0.5	9.3±0.4	9.6±0.3	9.6±0.6	8.9±1.0
P (mg/dL)	5.1±0.6	5.4±0.5	5.6±0.6	5.1±0.6	5.0±0.5	4.5±1.5
ALP (U/L)	151.7±49.9	156.1±66.4	148.4±5.9	1807±28.5	133.3±67.0	116.3±45.5

Data are presented as number(percent) and mean±standard deviation. Abbreviations: GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HypoTy, hypothyroidism; PIH, pregnancy induced hypertension; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; N, number of infant; Wt, weight; GA, gestational age; Ca, calcium; P, phosphorus; alkaline phosphatase, ALP.

Table 3.

Comparison of Serum Levels of 25(OH)D₃ between Control Group and Neonatal Diseases Group

	Control	Maternal disease
	Control	DM	HypoTy	PIH
N	38	10	7	10
Wt (g)	3218±353.9	3349±374.2	3501±339.0	2144±246.1
GA (wk)	38.7±1.2	38.5±1.2	38.9±1.0	38.5±1.5
M:F	1:0.7	1:0.1	1:0.4	1:0.7
Maternal age (yr)	35.2±4.8	31.5±4.2	33.5±4.5	35.5±5.8
C-sec(%)	29 (76.3)	8 (80.0)	6 (85.7)	7 (70.0)
25(OH)D₃ ng/mL
<10	24 (63.2)	7 (70.0)	4 (57.1)	6 (60.0)
10–20	13 (34.2)	3 (30.0)	2 (28.6)	4 (40.0)
21–30	1 (2.4)	0	1 (14.3)	0
>30	0	0	0	0
Mean	9.2±5.0	8.7±4.5	11.0±7.6	10.5±4.3
Ca (mg/dL)	9.6±0.7	9.2±1.0	9.0±0.6	9.5±0.6
P (mg/dL)	5.1±0.6	6.3±1.0	5.8±1.1	4.8±0.8
ALP (U/L)	151.7±49.9	174.7±77.5	144.6±49.6	167.5±43.0

Data are presented as number(percent) and mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: TTN, Transient tachypnea of the newborn; SGA, small for gestational age; N, number of infant; Wt, weight; GA, gestational age; Ca, calcium; P, phosphorus; alkaline phosphatase, ALP.

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