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Lee, Park, Park, Kim, Choi, Kim, Park, and Chong: Effects of Extremely Low Frequency Elecromagnetic Fields on Thyroid Carcinogenesis Induced by N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine and Sulfadimethoxine
Original Article
Journal of the Korean Surgical Society

Journal of the Korean Surgical Society 2009; 77(3): 161-169.

Published online: 4 September 2009

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4174/jkss.2009.77.3.161

Effects of Extremely Low Frequency Elecromagnetic Fields on Thyroid Carcinogenesis Induced by N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine and Sulfadimethoxine

Soo Hwan Lee, M.D.1, Young Jin Park, M.D.1, Eon Sub Park, M.D.1, Young Seok Kim, M.D., Yoo Shin Choi, M.D., Beom Gyu Kim, M.D., Sung Jun Park, M.D., Se Min Chong, M.D.2

Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.

1Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.

2Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author (kimbg0526@paran.com)

Received 8 February 2009       Accepted 2 July 2009

Copyright © 2009 The Korean Surgical Society

Abstract

Purpose

Long-term exposure to extremely low-frequency (60 Hz) electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) raises the questions of the induction of biological effects including tumorigenesis. One mechanism through which ELF-MFS could influence neoplastic development is the imbalance of cellular proliferation and cell apoptosis. The present study investigated the effect of ELF-EMF on chemically-induced thyroid carcinogenesis in a rat.

Methods

We examined cellular proliferation index measured by anti-Ki-67 antigen, apoptosis, apoptosis related proteins such as caspase 3 and p53, and cell cycle-related proteins (cyclin D1 and p21WAF1/Cip1). Forty Male F344 rats received a subcutaneous N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN, 2,800 mg/kg) injection, and 1 week later were allowed free access to drinking water containing sulfadimethoxine (0.1%) for 12 weeks. Twenty rats were exposed by ELF-EMF. During the carcinogenesis, sequential histological changes from hyperplasia, adenoma, and ultimately to overt carcinomas were noted.

Results

The exposure group of ELF-EMF, significantly increases the number size of carcinomas. Also, the proliferative and apoptotic indices were significantly increased in the ELF-EMF exposure group than in the control group. The caspase 3 protein expression did not show any significant changes between ELF-EMF group and control group. The p53 protein was not detected in both ELF-EMF exposure and control group. Among the cell cycle related proteins, cyclin D1, not p21WAF1/Cip1, was significantly increased in adenomas and carcinomas in ELF-EMF exposure group compared with the control group.

Conclusion

Exposure of ELF-EMF effects on chemically-induced rat thyroid carcinogenesis as results of altered increase of cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and cyclin D1 expression.

Keywords: Extremely low frequency magnetic field, Thyroid carcinogenesis, N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN), Apoptosis, Cell cycle-related proteins

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1
In vivo extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields generator.
jkss-77-161-g001
Fig. 2
N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine and sulfadimethoxine induced rat thyroid lesions, showing follicular cell hyperplasia (A), adenoma (B), and carcinoma (C) (H&E, ×200).
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Fig. 3
Immunohistochemical reactivity of Ki-67 (A), p21WAF1/Cip1 (B), cyclin D1 (C), and caspase 3 (D) expression (ABC, ×200).
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Table 1
Thyroid lesions in rat after 12 weeks treated with N-bis (hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine and sulfadimethoxine
jkss-77-161-i001

*ELF exposure = extremely low frequency exposure; Values are mean±SD.

Table 2
Ki-67 and apoptotic labeling index of the rat thyroid lesions
jkss-77-161-i002

*ELF exposure = extremely low frequency exposure; Values are mean±SD.

Table 3
Cyclin D1 and p21WAF1/Cip1 protein labeling index of the rat thyroid lesions
jkss-77-161-i003

*ELF exposure = extremely low frequency exposure; Values are mean±SD.

Table 4
Caspase 3 and p53 protein labeling index of the rat thyroid lesions
jkss-77-161-i004

*ELF exposure = extremely low frequency exposure; Values are mean±SD.

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