Comparison of Sensory and Motor Functions in Patients with Constant and Intermittent Infantile Exotropia

Sung Soo Hwang; Soo Jung Lee

doi:10.3341/JKOS.2016.57.11.1765

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Hwang and Lee: Comparison of Sensory and Motor Functions in Patients with Constant and Intermittent Infantile Exotropia

Original Article

J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2016;57(11):1765-1769.

Published online: 25 September 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3341/JKOS.2016.57.11.1765

Comparison of Sensory and Motor Functions in Patients with Constant and Intermittent Infantile Exotropia

Sung Soo Hwang, MD, Soo Jung Lee, MD, PhD

Department of Ophthalmology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea

Address reprint requests to Soo Jung Lee, MD, PhD Department of Ophthalmology, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, #875 Haeun-daero, Haeundae-gu, Busan 48108, Korea Tel: 82-51-797-2310, Fax: 82-51-797-2669 E-mail: kris9352@hanmail.net

Received 16 June 2016 Revised 27 August 2016 Accepted 25 October 2016

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study was to compare sensory and motor functions in patients with constant and intermittent primary infantile exotropia.

Methods

From March 2010 to November 2015, 58 patients with primary infantile exotropia were divided into a constant group (21 patients) and an intermittent group (37 patients) according to frequency of exodeviation at the first visit. Sex, family history of strabismus, age at diagnosis, spherical equivalent, and presence of amblyopia were compared. Angle of deviation, ocular motor function, and stereopsis were measured.

Results

Females were more prevalent (p = 0.027) and the spherical equivalent of the right eye was more myopic (−0.99 D) (p = 0.023) in the constant infantile exotropia group. However, there was no significant difference in family history of strabismus, age at diagnosis, amblyopia, latent nystagmus, or stereopsis between the two groups. There were no significant differences between the two groups in angle of deviation at near or distance (p = 0.598, p = 0.518). Dissociated vertical deviation was accompanied in 2 patients in the constant group and 3 in the intermittent group. Inferior oblique overaction was accompanied in 8 patients in the constant group and 16 in the intermittent group, while vertical deviation was accompanied in 1 patient in the constant group and 3 in the intermittent group. However, there were no significant differences between the groups for any of these findings.

Conclusions

Constancy of exodeviation is insufficient to diagnose primary infantile exotropia. Compared to those in whom exodeviation was intermittent, the patients with constant infantile exotropia showed similar clinical features. Therefore, close observation is recommended in patients with intermittent and constant infantile exotropia.

Keywords: Constant infantile exotropia, Intermittent infantile exotropia, Ocular motor function, Primary infantile exotropia, Stereopsis

References

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Table 1.

General characteristics in the patients with constant and intermittent infantile exotropia

	Constant (n = 21)	Intermittent (n = 37)	p-value
Sex (male/female)	5/16	21/16	0.027^*
Family history of strabismus (No, %)	4 (19.0)	2 (5.4)	0.176^*
Age at the first visit (months)	22.8 ± 9.2 (8–35)	23.7 ± 8.2 (8–34)	0.706^†
F/U duration (months)	27.3 ± 17.5 (6–67)	31.5 ± 12.4 (7–61)	0.285^†

Values are presented as mean ± SD (range) unless otherwise indicated. F/U = follow-up.

^* Chi-Square test

^† Independent t-test.

Table 2.

Comparison of deviation angle and other ocular problems between constant and intermittent infantile exotropia

	Constant (n = 21)	Intermittent (n = 37)	p-value
Deviation (Prism dioptors)
Near	33.2 ± 9.7 (12∼50)	31.6 ± 7.9 (18∼45)	0.513^*
Far	30.3 ± 7.8 (20∼50)	29.2 ± 6.6 (18∼45)	0.598^*
Dissociated vertical strabismus (n, %)	2 (9.5)	3 (8.1)	1.000^†
Oblique muscle overaction (n, %)	8 (38.1)	16 (43.2)	0.786^†
Comitant vertical strabismus (n, %)	1 (4.8)	3 (8.1)	1.000^†
Latent nystagmus (n, %)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.000^†
Spherical equivalent (diopter)
Right eye	–0.99 ± 1.86 (−6.00∼+2.50)	–0.01 ± 1.32 (−3.38∼+4.75)	0.023^*
Left eye	–0.52 ± 2.46 (−6.88∼+6.50)	–0.06 ± 1.44 (−5.63∼+4.00)	0.378^*
Average value of both eyes	–0.75 ± 2.11 (−3.69∼+1.33)	–0.04 ± 1.29 (−6.44∼+4.50)	0.110^*
Amblyopia (n, %)	7 (33.3)	4 (10.8)	0.077^†

Values are presented as mean ± SD (range) unless otherwise indicated.

^* Independent t-test

^† Chi-Square test.

Table 3.

Comparison of stereopsis between constant and intermittent infantile exotropia

	Constant (n = 13)	Intermittent (n = 30)	p-value
Stereopsis (sec of arc)
>100	9 (69.2)	12 (40.0)	0.078^*
>200	6 (46.2)	5 (16.7)	0.061^†

Values are presented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated.

^* Independent t-test

^† Fisher's exact test

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