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Jo and Lee: The Effect of Caffeinated Energy Drink Consumption on Intraocular Pressure in Young Adults
Original Article

J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2015;56(7):1096-1103.

Published online: 27 August 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2015.56.7.1096

The Effect of Caffeinated Energy Drink Consumption on Intraocular Pressure in Young Adults

Seung Hwan Jo, M.D, Chang Kyu Lee, M.D

Department of Ophthalmology, Maryknoll Medical Center, Busan, Korea

Address reprint requests to Chang Kyu Lee, MD Department of Ophthalmology, Maryknoll Medical Center, #121 Junggu-ro, Jung-gu, Busan 600-730, Korea Tel: 82-51-461-2540, Fax: 82-51-465-7470 E-mail: Coolguy-2@daum.net

∗ This study was presented as a narration at the 110th Annual Meeting of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 2013.

Received 23 August 201410 February 2015       Accepted 26 May 2015

Copyright © 2015 Korean Ophthalmological Society

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose:

Several energy drinks containing a high content of caffeine are widely consumed among young adults. We examined the effects of caffeinated energy drinks on intraocular pressure (IOP) and blood pressure (BP) in healthy young subjects.

Methods:

In this prospective randomized, case-controlled cross over study conducted, from August to September of 2014, 40 healthy young volunteers (80 eyes) in their 20's and 30's drank 2 types of beverage each consumed after a 3-month washout period. The study participants were randomly given the caffeinated energy drink (group I, n = 20) or caffeine-free drink (group II, n = 20), IOP and BP were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes and 12 and 24 hours after beverage consumption.

Results:

In group I, the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of IOP at baseline was 13.2 ± 1.56 mm Hg and the IOP increased until 24 hours after drink consumption. IOPs at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes and 12 and 24 hours after drinking caffeinated energy drink were 14.45 ± 2.12, 14.93 ± 2.02, 14.85 ± 1.55, 14.2 ± 1.34, 14.25 ± 1.74, and 13.35 ± 1.61, respectively and statistically sig-nificant at 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes and 12 hours ( p < 0.05). A corresponding increase in BP after drinking the caffeinated energy drink was observed but without statistical significance. Drinking the caffeine-free beverage did not affect IOP or BP significantly.

Conclusions:

IOP increases after consuming the caffeinated energy drink were statistically significant at 30, 60, 90, and 120 mi-nutes and 12 hours. Therefore, caffeinated energy drinks may not be recommended for glaucoma patients or glaucoma suspects.

Keywords: Caffeinated drink, Caffeine, Energy drink, Intraocular pressure

References

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Figure 1.
Study design. A prospective randomized, case-controlled crossover study.
jkos-56-1096f1.tif
Figure 2.
(A) Intraocular pressure (IOP) measured by Goldmann applanation tonometer of caffeine free drink group and caffeinated energy drink group. (B) IOP measured by ocular response analyzer of caffeine free drink group and caffeinated energy drink group. IOP GAT = IOP measurement of a Goldmann applanation tonometer; IOP ORA = IOP measurement of an ocular response analyzer.* Bonferroni p-value, p < 0.05.
jkos-56-1096f2.tif
Figure 3.
(A) Systolic blood pressure of caffeine free drink group and caffeinated energy drink group. (B) Diastolic blood pressure of caffeine free drink group and caffeinated energy drink group. BP = blood pressure. * Bonferroni p-value, p < 0.05.
jkos-56-1096f3.tif
Table 1.
Summary of the subject characteristics
Characteristics Group I∗ Group II† p-value
Age (years) 24.7 ± 3.41 25.0 ± 4.19 0.995
Sex (M:F) 4:16 7:13 0.429
Height 164.0 ± 6.87 167.2 ± 6.87 0.122
Weight 55.70 ± 10.5 59.35 ± 11.74 0.188
BMI 20.54 ± 2.72 21.07 ± 2.81 0.753
IOP GAT (mm Hg) 13.70 ± 1.86 13.20 ± 1.56 0.196
IOP ORA (mm Hg) 13.37 ± 2.27 13.29 ± 1.42 0.768
Systolic BP (mm Hg) 110.05 ± 13.54 112.00 ± 11.02 0.663
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) 69.25 ± 11.08 64.60 ± 10.1 0.124

Baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements (mm Hg) using the 2 tonometers, and baseline blood pressure measurements. Values are presented as mean ± SD. BMI = body mass index; IOP GAT = IOP measurement of a Goldmann applanation tonometer; IOP ORA= IOP measurement of an ocular response analyzer; BP = blood pressure.

∗ Caffeine free drink group;

† Caffeinated energy drink group.

Table 2.
Intraocular pressure (IOP) and blood pressure (BP) in mm Hg by caffeinated energy drink and caffeine free drink con-sumption comparing of each variable between two groups
Measurement time Caffeine free drink Caffeinated energy drink p-value
IOP GAT (mm Hg) Baseline 13.70 ± 1.86 13.20 ± 1.56 0.186∗
30 minutes 13.58 ± 1.85 14.45 ± 2.12 0.046∗
60 minutes 13.85 ± 1.61 14.93 ± 2.02 0.008∗
90 minutes 13.55 ± 1.63 14.85 ± 1.55 0.000∗
120 minutes 13.53 ± 1.40 14.20 ± 1.34 0.025∗
12 hours 13.98 ± 1.79 14.25 ± 1.74 0.477∗
24 hours 13.65 ± 1.58 13.35 ± 1.61 0.394∗
IOP ORA (mm Hg) Baseline 13.41 ± 2.01 13.30 ± 1.42 0.765∗
30 minutes 13.37 ± 2.27 14.35 ± 2.16 0.044∗
60 minutes 13.23 ± 1.92 14.37 ± 2.20 0.012∗
90 minutes 12.85 ± 1.84 13.75 ± 1.87 0.027∗
120 minutes 12.75 ± 1.95 13.43 ± 1.54 0.080∗
12 hours 13.72 ± 2.03 14.21 ± 1.86 0.259∗
24 hours 13.18 ± 1.89 13.33 ± 1.58 0.696∗
Systolic BP (mm Hg) Baseline 110.05 ± 13.71 112.00 ± 11.16 0.655†
30 minutes 109.00 ± 14.59 117.10 ± 11.57 0.098†
60 minutes 108.80 ± 13.79 117.15 ± 12.44 0.072†
90 minutes 109.65 ± 11.28 114.10 ± 10.17 0.198†
120 minutes 109.65 ± 11.83 115.20 ± 11.42 0.116†
12 hours 111.10 ± 8.35 116.30 ± 12.67 0.261†
24 hours 110.10 ± 11.68 113.45 ± 11.38 0.379†
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) Baseline 69.25 ± 11.22 64.60 ± 10.23 0.122†
30 minutes 68.05 ± 9.97 68.25 ± 7.47 0.935†
60 minutes 67.55 ± 10.87 69.25 ± 8.80 0.655†
90 minutes 68.90 ± 9.74 68.00 ± 9.09 0.946†
120 minutes 67.95 ± 10.67 67.80 ± 8.81 0.968†
12 hours 71.50 ± 7.81 70.85 ± 8.80 0.714†
24 hours 69.85 ± 8.93 67.05 ± 9.73 0.297†

Values are presented as mean ± SD. IOP GAT = IOP measurement of a Goldmann applanation tonometer; IOP ORA = IOP measurement of an ocular response analyzer.

∗ Generalized mixed-effects model (n = 40);

† Mann-Whitney test (n = 20).

Table 3.
Mean change in intraocular pressure (IOP) after caffeinated energy drink and caffeine free drink consumption
Time
30 minutes 60 minutes 90 minutes 120 minutes 12 hours 24 hours
Caffeine
free drink -0.13 ± 0.76 0.15 ± 0.95 -0.15 ± 1.03 -0.18 ± 1.17 0.28 ± 1.02 -0.05 ± 0.70
IOPGAT (mm Hg) Caffeinated energy drink 1.25 ± 1.35 1.73 ± 1.40 1.65 ± 1.55 1.00 ± 1.22 1.05 ± 1.04 0.15 ± 0.77
Caffeine
free drink IOPORA (mm Hg) Caffeinated -0.05 ± 1.31 -0.18 ± 1.14 -0.57 ± 1.31 -0.67 ± 1.64 0.31 ± 1.50 -0.24 ± 1.35
energy drink 1.05 ± 1.46 1.06 ± 1.89 0.45 ± 1.99 0.13 ± 1.57 0.91 ± 1.39 0.03 ± 0.99

Values are presented as mean ± SD. IOP GAT = IOP measurement of a Goldmann applanation tonometer; IOP ORA = IOP measurement of an ocular response analyzer.

Table 4.
Mean change in blood pressure (BP) after caffeinated energy drink and caffeine free drink consumption
Time
30 minutes 60 minutes 90 minutes 120 minutes 12 hours 24 hours
Caffeine
free drink Systolic BP -1.05 ± 5.12 -1.25 ± 9.12 -0.57 ± 1.31 -0.40 ± 9.61 1.05 ± 8.42 0.05 ± 7.87
Caffeinated (mm Hg)
energy drink 5.10 ± 6.93 5.15 ± 7.60 2.10 ± 5.48 3.20 ± 6.13 4.30 ± 7.20 1.45 ± 6.46
Caffeine
free drink Diastolic BP -1.20 ± 5.17 -1.70 ± 7.83 -0.35 ± 8.79 -1.30 ± 6.46 2.25 ± 7.53 0.60 ± 5.87
Caffeinated (mm Hg)
energy drink 3.65 ± 5.57 4.65 ± 7.84 3.40 ± 7.17 3.20 ± 6.05 6.25 ± 5.89 2.45 ± 6.02

Values are presented as mean ± SD.

Table 5.
Intraocular pressure (IOP) and blood pressure (BP) in mm Hg by caffeinated energy drink and caffeine free drink con-sumption comparing of the changes from baseline according to the time measured in each group
Measurement time Caffeine free drink p-value∗ Caffeinated energy drink p-value∗
IOP GAT(mm Hg) Baseline 13.70 ± 1.86 13.20 ± 1.56
30 minutes 13.58 ± 1.85 1.000 14.45 ± 2.12 0.000
60 minutes 13.85 ± 1.61 1.000 14.93 ± 2.02 0.000
90 minutes 13.55 ± 1.63 1.000 14.85 ± 1.55 0.000
120 minutes 13.53 ± 1.40 1.000 14.20 ± 1.34 0.000
12 hours 13.98 ± 1.79 1.000 14.25 ± 1.74 0.000
24 hours 13.65 ± 1.58 1.000 13.35 ± 1.61 1.000
p-value 0.06† 　 0.000† 　
IOP ORA(mm Hg) Baseline 13.41 ± 2.01 13.30 ± 1.42
30 minutes 13.37 ± 2.27 1.000 14.35 ± 2.16 0.001
60 minutes 13.23 ± 1.92 1.000 14.37 ± 2.20 0.021
90 minutes 12.85 ± 1.84 0.195 13.75 ± 1.87 1.000
120 minutes 12.75 ± 1.95 0.305 13.43 ± 1.54 1.000
12 hours 13.72 ± 2.03 1.000 14.21 ± 1.86 0.004
24 hours 13.18 ± 1.89 1.000 13.33 ± 1.58 1.000
p-value 0.034† 　 0.000† 　
Systolic BP (mm Hg) Baseline 110.05 ± 13.71 112.00 ± 11.16
30 minutes 109.00 ± 14.59 1.000 117.10 ± 11.57 0.089
60 minutes 108.80 ± 13.79 1.000 117.15 ± 12.44 0.158
90 minutes 109.65 ± 11.28 1.000 114.10 ± 10.17 1.000
120 minutes 109.65 ± 11.83 1.000 115.20 ± 11.42 0.687
12 hours 111.10 ± 8.35 1.000 116.30 ± 12.67 0.341
24 hours 110.10 ± 11.68 1.000 113.45 ± 11.38 1.000
p-value 0.875† 0.015†
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) Baseline 69.25 ± 11.22 64.60 ± 10.23
30 minutes 68.05 ± 9.97 1.000 68.25 ± 7.47 0.195
60 minutes 67.55 ± 10.87 1.000 69.25 ± 8.80 0.355
90 minutes 68.90 ± 9.74 1.000 68.00 ± 9.09 1.000
120 minutes 67.95 ± 10.67 1.000 67.80 ± 8.81 0.643
12 hours 71.50 ± 7.81 1.000 70.85 ± 8.80 0.003
24 hours 69.85 ± 8.93 1.000 67.05 ± 9.73 1.000
p-value 0.219† 0.007†

Values are presented as mean ± SD. IOP GAT = IOP measurement of a Goldmann applanation tonometer; IOP ORA = IOP measurement of an ocular response analyzer.

∗ Bonferroni p-value;

† Tests of Within-Subjects Contrasts of time.

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